question

Pathology

answer

the study of the structural (physical) changes in cells, tissues, and organs, due to disease or injury

question

Pathophysiology

answer

the study of the physiological (functional) changes in cells, tissues, and organs, due to disease or injury

question

Pathologist

answer

- diagnoses disease based upon structural and/or functional changes to aid in treatment, prognosis, and patient care - tissue samples may be obtained VIA biopsy, post-mortem autopsy, and undergo laboratory microscopic, genetic, biological, or chemical diagnostic analysis - findings - the diagnostics; results of the laboratory and imaging tests utilized by the pathologist to determine diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment protocol

question

Disease vs. Illness

answer

the abnormal condition; variations of structure and/or function are outside of the normal range resulting in a loss of the homeostatic balance required for optimal cellular functioning. Illness suggests that the individual is aware of the imbalance

question

Pathogen

answer

- a disease causing organism/agent; relate to the etiology

question

Pathogencity

answer

the ability of an agent to produce disease - success depends on communicability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage, virulence, and host susceptibility

question

Etiology

answer

the cause of disease or injury 3 categories: genetic, congential, acquired

question

Genetic Etiology

answer

- chromosomal abnormality or genetic defect causes structural and functional change at the cellular level; often have developmental effects - inheritable disorder; passed from parent to offspring, thus may be able to trace familial history - genetic mutation - causes the gene coding for a particular protein to be defective -> biochemical changes occur e.g. cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, sickle cell disease - inheritable traits cause increased disease susceptibility e.g. UV skin damage in those with very fair or very dark complexions

question

Congenital Etiology

answer

- genetics is normal but embryonic/fetal intrauterine environment has resulted in damage to developing individual - disorders are normally present at birth e.g. trisomy 21 (down's syndrome) - includes first trimester intrauterine exposure to teratogen

question

Teratogen

answer

a substance or condition that impairs normal embryonic or fetal development, causing fetal deformity timing of exposure greatly influences susceptibility and resulting degree of malformation most severely damaged organs includes: brain, vascular system, and eyes common teratogens: alcohol, toxins, drugs, radiation is mutagenic and teratogenic T - toxoplasmosis O - other agents R - rubella (german measles) C - cytomegalo virus H - herpes simplex

question

Acquired Etiology

answer

- most common - genetics and embryonic development is normal; damage occurs later in life - general causes of acquired cellular damage: Infectious (biological, microbial) agents, microbes, microorganisms - may have direct or indirect (toxin production) effects on the HOST - INCLUDES: bacteria, viruses, fungi, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, parasites, protozoa, helminths, insect vectors bites and stings, prions (non living infectious proteins), food poisoning Physical agents INCLUDES: mechanical trauma e.g. compressions, MVA, temperature (thermal) trauma heat and cold, radiation (UV light, repetitive x-rays, radon gas), noise pollution, electric shock, aging Chemical agents INCLUDES: includes household and work related e.g. inhalants: poisons, toxins, heavy metals - neurologic damage, possible carcinogens Hypoxia

question

Nutrtional Imbalances

answer

Malnutrition - poor nutritional status Overnutrition - excessive consumption of 1 or more class nutrients; may cause toxicities; obesity Undernutrition - insufficient ingestion/production of 1 or more class nutrients; may cause specific deficiencies or more systematic effects (starvation, anorexia)

question

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

answer

fluid = water + dissolved (Na+, K+, Cl-) Overhydration - excess fluid intake or insufficient fluid loss -> hypervolemia Underhydration - insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss -> hypovalemia, dehydration

question

Edema

answer

excess tissue (interstital) fluid (i.e. swelling)

question

Third Spacing

answer

occurs when fluid shifts out of the bloodstream and in to a body cavity or interstitial space and is no longer part of the circulating blood plasma or lymph e.g. ascites

question

Acidosis

answer

decrease in physiological pH - respiratory acidosis - metabolic acidosis

question

Alkalosis

answer

increase in physiological pH - respiratory alkalosis - metabolic alkalosis

question

Abnormal Tissue Response

answer

hypersensitivities 'allergies' - immune system overreacts to relatively innocuous (not harmful) environmental agents/antigens Local effects - asthma Systemic effects - anaphylaxis

question

Autoimmunity

answer

immune system reacts to normal self (auto) antigens

question

Immunodeficiencies

answer

immune system does not elicit a normal response to foreign antigen

question

Psychological Agents

answer

general adaption syndrome (GAS) role of stress in disease - 'fight or flight' response

question

Idiopathic

answer

the cause of disease is unknown

question

Iatrogenic

answer

the cause of the disease and/or injury is related to a medical intervention e.g. surgery, drug side effects

question

Nosocomial

answer

disease acquired as a result of being in a hospital environment e.g. hospital borne infection

question

Pathogenesis

answer

the pattern of tissue changes associated with the development of disease normally begins with some form of initial tissue damage that causes cellular effects that can be subsequently produce broader effects in the tissues, organs, organ systems each stage of disease pathogenesis may produce characteristics signs and symptoms e.g. clinical manifestations

question

Predisposing (Risk) Factors of "Triggers"

answer

something that increase the probablity of developing a disease or injury modifiable - risk factors can be changed e.g. lifestyle non-modifiable - risk factors cannot be changed e.g. your age, gender, and genetics

question

Sequelae

answer

abnormal conditions that result from a disease, treatment, or injury e.g. diabetes mellitus increase risk of cardiovascular disease

question

Disease Onset

answer

the time over which the disease or conditions develops ACUTE condition: rapid onset of signs and symptoms, short duration (time frame is somewhat arbitrary, possibly hours, days) CHRONIC condition: rapid or slow (insidious) onset, longer duration (possibly weeks - months); possibly lifelong LATENT/DORMANT condition: asymptomatic period of quiescene before signs and symptoms manifest e.g. HIV, shingles SUBCLINICAL condition: not detectable; not producing effects that are detectable by clinical tests

question

Clinical Manitfestations

answer

the signs and symptoms of the disease/injury

question

Symptoms

answer

patient's subjective experiences provided as part of their MEDICAL HISTORY (patient's description of the problem)

question

Signs

answer

information that is detectable, often measurable by observation during a PHYSICAL EXAMINATION by a health care professional e.g. change in TPR, BP, heart rhythm, heart sounds

question

Syndrome

answer

disease condition with a defined group of lesions, S&S may be part of the disease name down's syndrome

question

Complications

answer

a disease or condition that occurs in addition to the original tissue damage may make original condition more difficult to treat and change products

question

Lesions

answer

sites of tissue damage/injury local or systemic LOCAL - damage is limited to a specific body part or region e.g. breast cancer FOCAL - damage is within a specific site within an organ DIFFUSE - damage is of uniform distribution within the organ SYSTEMIC - damage is widely distributed e.g. breast cancer with metastasis to 2nd sites

question

Parenchymal Cells

answer

the functional cells of an organ e.g. heptaocytes, nephrons, neurons, alveolar sacs

question

Stromal Cells

answer

the support or framework of an organ; includes connective tissues, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

question

Morphogical Change

answer

Morphology - is the science of structure and form of cells including their shape and size damaged cells may undergo MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE as they try to adapt to injury

question

Diagnosis

answer

the identification of the specific disease

question

Therapy/Therapeutics

answer

the method of TREATMENT of the disease/illness with the goal of curing or at least reducing the patient's S&S to a level of near normal function

question

Convalescence

answer

the time during which the individual is recovering from injury; the time required to become healthy, fully recovered (if possible)

question

Prognosis

answer

the prediction of the disease's outcome based upon the patient's response to therapy, knowledge of the disease, pathogenesis, and clinical experience of the medical professional

question

Remissions

answer

periods where clinical manifestations disappear completely or are significantly decreased

question

Exacerbations

answer

periods where clinical manifestations become more obvious and severe *flare-ups*

question

Clinical Infectious Disease Course

answer

1.) Incubation Period - time from initial exposure to the infectious agent to the onset of the first symptoms, micro-organisms have colonized, invaded and are multiplying but infected individual is still asymptomatic although they may be contagious 2.) Prodromal Stage - initial symptoms of infections occur usually mild such as tiredness, discomfort 3.) Invasion Period - microbial infection is multiplying quickly and spreading to other tissues/organs either locally or systemically, depending on the severity Clinical manifestations specific to the disease causing organism are present as inflammatory and immune responses are triggered to fight the infection - FEVER, pain, malaise, headache, generalized aching, loss of appetite, and other GI effects.

question

Portal of Entry

answer

the route by which the pathogen enters the body

question

Epidemiology

answer

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in a specific populations and the application of this study is to control the health problems

question

Prevalence

answer

the number of existing cases in a population at a given point in time

question

INCIDENCE

answer

the number of new cases occurring in a populations during a specified period of time

question

Endemic

answer

diseases with relatively high but, constant rates of infection in a particular population e.g. tuberculosis is endemic in our northern communities

question

Epidemic

answer

the number of new infections is a particular population greatly exceeds the number usually observed; may be seasonal in occurrence e.g. Ebola in Western Africa 2014

question

Pandemic

answer

an epidemic that spreads over a large area - continental or global

question

Communicable (contagious)

answer

the infectious disease is easily transmitted from one individual to others and causes disease; measles, pertussis, cold and flu, diphtheria, amoebic dysentry, usually air borne or water borne

question

Notifiable (Reportable) Disease

answer

a disease that must be reported to public health authorities at the time it is diagnosed because it is potentially dangerous to human or animal health PHAC lists them

question

Mortality Rate

answer

the number of deaths in a given time or place; often stated as a percentage within a population; aka death rate

question

Morbidity Rate

answer

the incidence/rate of a particular disease in a specified population

Foundations of Pathophysiology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards