Foundations of Education Final – Flashcards
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Why is it difficult to develop a clear definition of emotional disabilities? a) Most children are well behaved b) Norms for appropriate behavior differ across cultures c) Emotional and behavioral disorders usually occur in isolation d) There is a clear definition of what constitutes good mental health
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b) Norms for appropriate behavior differ across cultures
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Which of the following student behaviors best fits the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance? a) Grace has been depressed and withdrawn for 7 months b) Maggie responds to teasing one day by throwing a chair through a window c) Page usually gets excellent grades but since starting fourth grade has been getting C's and D's d) Courtney tells the school nurse that she has been crying every day for a week because her parents are divorced
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a) Grace has been depressed and withdrawn for 7 months
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Which of the following is NOT a condition required to qualify for an emotional disturbance? a) chronicity b) difficulty in school c) severity d) visibility
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d) visibility
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All of the following factors contribute to the vagueness of the definition of emotional disturbance except a) differing degrees of tolerance for misbehavior b) varying expectations among parents and educators c) inclusion of five different problems as qualifications d) using terminology such as inappropriate and satisfactory
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c) inclusion of five different problems as qualifacations
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Which of the following conditions is excluded from the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance? a) bipolar disorder b) depression c) schizophrenia d) social maladjustment
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d) social maladjustment
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What is one advantage of the definition of emotional disturb once proposed by the CCBD? a) It identifies age-appropriate behavior b) It clarifies the social dimension of the disability c) It ignores cultural and ethnic influences on behavior d) It increases the chance of early identification and intervention
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d) It increases the chance of early identification and intervention
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a student with an internalizing behavior? a) Twelve-year-old Ben fantasizes that he is a super hero b) Seven-year-old Sophie is often out of her seat during reading c) Nine-year-old Tameka asks to see the nurse every day because she has a stomach ache d) Ten-year-old Steven is terrified of fish and refuses to walk past the aquarium in the hall
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b) Seven-year-old Tameka asks to see the nurse every day because she has a stomach ache
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Which of the following statements is true regarding gender and emotional disabilities? a) Boys are more likely to have externalizing disorders than girls b) Boys are more likely to have internalizing disorders than girls c) Boys and girls are equally likely to have externalizing disorders d) Boys and girls are equally likely to have internalizing disorders
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a) Boys are more likely to have externalizing disorders than girls
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Which of the following statements is true regarding students who display antisocial behaviors at an early age? a) They are likely to develop fears in adolescence b) They are likely to outgrow these behaviors by adulthood c) They are likely to engage in delinquent behavior in adolescence d) They are likely to pursue a college degree after graduation from high school
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c) They are likely to engage in delinquent behavior in adolescence
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Current research on academic achievement and students with emotional disabilities indicates that a) they perform at or above grade level b) they are less likely to succeed in advanced courses c) they are less likely to pass grade-level competency exams d) they are less likely to receive failing grades than other students
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c) they are less likely to pass grade-level competency exams
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What is the kingpin in the behavior of students with emotional disabilities? a) fighting b) noncompliance c) tantrums d) vandalism
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b) noncompliance
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All of the following are causes of emotional disabilities except a) brain dysfunction b) differences in temperament c) genetic factors d) vitamin deficiencies
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d) vitamin deficiencies
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Children with emotional and behavior problems are more likely to come from homes in which a) discipline is harsh b) supervision is constant c) spoiling is the norm d) space is limited
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a) discipline is harsh
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Mrs. Abraham teaches second grade. She is concerned about Sammy's behavior. He is unable to read grade-level text. He disrupts class during reading by cursing and screaming when he is asked to read. Which of the following strategies would be most likely to improve Sammy's behavior? a) punishing Sammy when he disrupts reading b) telling Sammy what is expected during reading c) providing accommodations to increase Sammy's success d) praising students for sitting quietly and reading when they are asked to
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d) praising students for sitting quietly and reading when they are asked to
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Which of the following statements about the identification of student with emotional and behavior disorders is most accurate? a) young children are more difficult to identify b) systematic assessment methods are used for identification c) children with internalizing problems are the first to be identified d) adolescents are more difficult to identify because they hide their problems
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a) young children are more difficult to identify
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The number of students receiving special education services for emotional disabilities a) has decreased sharply over the past decade b) has increased sharply over the past decade c) is lower than the federal government estimate d) is higher than the federal government estimate
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c) is lower than the federal government estimate
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What are the two major categories of suspected causes of emotional and behavioral disorders? a) etiological and genetic b) genetic and pathological c) biological and environmental d) biological and developmental
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c) biological and environmental
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Which of the following statements regarding risk factors and emotional and behavior problems is true? a) Behavior problems can often be a link to a specific risk factor b) Societal risk factors are more likely to produce negative outcomes than family factors c) Family risk racketeers are more likely to produce negative outcomes than school factors d) Behavioral problems are generally the result of the accumulation of several risk factors
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d) Behavioral problems are generally the result of the accumulation of several risk factors
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Screening tests for emotional and behavior disorders a) are often unreliable b) are usually rating scales or checklists c) are usually administered by a school psychologist d) are used to determine eligibility for special education
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b) are usually rating scales or checklists
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Which of the following assessments for emotional and behavior disorders is a strengths-based assessment? a) Behavior and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS) b) Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) c) Teachers Report Form (TRF) d) Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)
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a) Behavior and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS)
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All of the following are measurable dimensions of behavior except a) frequency b) latency c) rigidity d) topography
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c) rigidity
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Behavior intervention plans are required for students with disabilities a) who require special education b) who are placed in segregated settings c) who have been suspended from school d) who have behavior issues that adversely affect school performance
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d) who have behavior issues that adversely affect school performance
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Mr. Shaffer is a high school history teacher. He is very concerned about Rafael, one of his students. Rafael exhibits aggressive behavior in class, and episodes are becoming more frequent. Mr. Shaffer has decided to conduct a functional behavior assessment to determine why Raphael is so aggressive. He meets with Rafael's parents and two of his teachers to determine which situations provoke aggressive behavior and solicit suggestions for keeping Rafael calm. Mr. Shaffer is conducting a/an a) descriptive functional behavior assessment b) functional analysis c) indirect functional behavior assessment d) integrated functional behavior assessment
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c) indirect functional behavior assessment
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Curriculum for students with emotional disabilities should focus on a) developing both academic and social skills b) developing vocational skills and treating maladaptive behaviors c) treating maladaptive behaviors before developing academic skills d) developing academic and vocational skills before treating maladaptive behaviors
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a) developing both academic and social skills
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Which of the following teachers is likely to have the fewest students with emotional and behavior disorders in class? a) Mr. Latta, an algebra teacher b) Mrs. Dubois, a French teacher c) Mr. Koslov, a history teacher d) Mr. Tomko, a chemistry teacher
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b) Mrs. Dubois, a French teacher
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Mrs. Byrd is a middle school English teacher. She has just learned that Carla, a new student in her class, has an emotional disability. She wants to keep confrontations and classroom disruptions at a minimum. Mrs. Byrd should a) provide easy tasks to prevent frustration b) provide explicit and systematic instruction c) provide challenging tasks to prevent boredom d) avoid calling on Carla unless she raises her hand
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b) provide explicit and systematic instruction
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All of the following skills are critical of success in general education except a) following directions b) listening to instruction c) participating in discussions d) making transitions with ease
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c) participating in discussions
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Which of the following social skills programs includes curriculum materials for children and adolescents? a) FAST Social Skills b) Taking Part c) the Prepare Curriculum d) the Walker Social Skills Curriculum
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d) the Walker Social Skills Curriculum
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Which of the following is the most accurate regarding teachers' use of praise? a) Teachers tend to praise students too frequently b) Teacher praise statements decline each year after second grade c) Teachers generally use more praise statements than statements of disapproval d) Special education teachers use praise statements more frequently than general education teachers
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b) Teacher praise statements decline each year after second grade
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Reasons for infrequent use of praise include all of the following except a) praise is not natural b) students will expect praise c) instructional time will be wasted d) students are embarrassed by praise
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d) students are embarrassed by praise
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Schooled Positive Behavior Supports a) use punishment to control misbehavior b) is a new method for improving school safety c) use research-based interventions to teach appropriate behaviors d) is ineffective in achieving long-term reductions in problem behavior
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c) use research-based interventions to teach appropriate behaviors
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In school districts where SWPBS have been implemented, what percentage of students with require Tier 2 intervention? a) 25 b) 15 c) 80 d) 5
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b) 15
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Which of the following statements about self-management is most accurate? a) It is a relatively complex procedure b) It has not been effective for students with disabilities c) It promotes maintenance and generalization of new behaviors d) It has mainly been used for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities
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c) It promotes maintenance and generalization of new behaviors
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Monica's teacher has taught her to use a self-management strategy to control her blurting out in class. Her teacher has agreed to let her have extra time in the listening center if she has fewer than 5 blurt outs during morning work. Monica has been instructed to color the circle on her chart green if she has met the goal. On Thursday after morning work, Monica holds up a green circle and smiles at her teacher. The form of self-management described in this scenario is a) self-evaluation b) self-monitoring c) self-determination d) self-reinforcement
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a) self-evaluation
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Which of the following is a proactive management strategy? a) peer monitoring and tutoring b) posting ambiguous rules and expectations c) allowing students opportunities to make choices d) seating difficult students in the back of the room
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c) allowing students opportunities to make choices
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What is the first challenge that teachers of students with behavior disorders face when they try to use a group process to modify behaviors? a) finding appropriate role models b) creating a sense of group solidarity c) getting the students to follow directions d) teaching students to accept responsibility for their actions
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b) creating a sense of group solidarity
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Mrs. Gardner is using a peer support strategy to motivate her students to behave more appropriately. Students have been asked to watch their classmates and catch them being good. Mrs. Gardner praises students who have noticed positive behavior. Which of the following strategies is she using? a) peer monitoring b) peer tutoring c) positive peer reporting d) peer support and confrontation
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c) positive peer reporting
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Teachers who use mystery motivators correctly a) always tell what the reward is b) always tell how to earn the reward c) always tell where the reward is located d) always tell when the reward will be available
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b) always tell how to earn the reward
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Teachers who exhibit differential acceptance for students with emotional and behavior problems a) like some students better than others b) accept some inappropriate behavior but not others c) justify angry and aggressive student behavior as part of the disability d) witness anger and aggression without becoming angry or aggressive
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d) witness anger and aggression without becoming angry or aggressive
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The reason that a large proportion of students with emotional disabilities are served in more restrictive settings is a) students with severe behavioral problems are served in these settings b) students with emotional disabilities prefer segregated settings c) many students with emotional disabilities are serving sentences in correctional facilities d) students with emotional disabilities require related services that are unavailable in less restrictive settings
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a) students with severe behavioral problems are served in these settings
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Autism was first described and named by a) Hans Asperger b) Elizabeth Farrell c) Leo Kanner d) Bengt Nirje
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c) Leo Kanner
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Autism is best described as a/an a) behavior disorder b) developmental disorder c) intellectual disability d) speech disorder
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b) developmental disorder
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Charley is a student with autism. Her teacher asks, "Do you have a pet?" Charley replies, "Do you have a pet?" This speech deficit in children with autism is known as a) echolalia b) memorization c) metalinguistics d) perseveration
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a) echolalia
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All of the following are defining characteristics of autism in the IDEA definition of autism except a) cognitive deficits b) communication deficits c) deficits in social interaction d) resistance to environmental change
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a) cognitive deficits
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Of the four related pervasive developmental disabilities that are included under the American Psychiatric Association's current definition of autism spectrum disorder, which one can manifest as late as the age of 10? a) Asperger syndrome b) autistic disorder c) childhood disintegrative disorder d) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
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c) childhood disintegrative disorder
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One of the changes to the proposed definition of autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5 is a) the new definition will include levels of intelligence b) Rett syndrome will be included as a separate category c) Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism will be listed as separate categories d) a level of severity will be assigned based on the supports needed to counteract limitations
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c) Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism will be listed as separate categories
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Which of the following is an example of joint attention? a) a mother holding her child's hand b) a child looking for a favorite toy c) a child listening to a classmate and some music d) a child looking at a picture that a teacher is pointing at
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d) a child looking at a picture that a teacher is pointing at
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How many children with autism are mute? a) one fourth b) one third c) one half d) two thirds
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c) one half
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Which of the following would be the most difficult for a child with autism? a) reciting the days of the week b) naming the characters in a story c) explaining why a snowman melted d) understanding why a joke is funny
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d) understanding why a joke is funny
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Which of the following statements about responses to sensory stimuli and people with autism is most accurate? a) Some people with autism do not feel pain b) People with autism usually prefer loud noises c) Many people with autism refuse to eat vegetables d) People with autism are usually oversensitive to strong odors
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a) Some people with autism do not feel pain
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Jake is a person with autism. He has severe intellectual disabilities but he can play many classical piano compositions by ear. Jake probably has a condition known as a) perseveration b) Rett syndrome c) overselectivity d) savant syndrome
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d) savant syndrome
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Rodney has autism. He is a bright student and is extremely interested in insects. His classmates are sometimes amazed by his knowledge. This morning, he found a ladybug in class and he has been talking about beetles for 20 minutes. His classmates are yawning and looking away from him. How is Rodney most likely to react? a) He will have a temper tantrum b) He will continue to talk about beetles c) He will play with an object on his desk d) He will stop talking and look for other insects
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b) He will continue to talk about beetles
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Over selectivity is characterized as a) resistance to changes in routine b) obsessive attention to a specific object c) focusing on a part rather than the whole d) repeating behaviors over and over again
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c) focusing on a part rather than the whole
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Behavior problems in students with autism a) are generally of low intensity b) can usually be controlled with medication c) can cause family dysfunction if not controlled d) often lead to suspension or expulsion from school
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c) can cause family dysfunction if not controlled
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All of the following are likely incorrect labels for students with Asperger syndrome except a) ADHD b) bipolar disorder c) obsessive compulsive disorder d) slacker
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b) bipolar disorder
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Although students with Asperger syndrome are similar to students with autism, they a) are not inflexible in their routines b) don't have difficulty understanding other's feelings c) don't have difficulty with fine or gross motor activities d) don't have deficits in language and general intellectual functioning
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d) don't have deficits in language and general intellectual functioning
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Which of the following is an example of a behavior trap? a) Bailey can't stop spinning coins once he starts. b) Mrs. Monroe always has a negative reaction to Cole' screaming c) Mrs. Chisholm uses Darren's love of presidents to develop academic skills. d) Mr. Newman checks to make sure that objects in class are kept in the same place.
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c) Mrs. Chisholm uses Darren's love of presidents to develop academic skills
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According to recent estimates, how many children have autism? a) 1 in 50 b) 1 in 110 c) 1 in 230 d) 1 in 350
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b) 1 in 110
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Current research on the possible causes of autism lists all of the following except a) abnormal brain development b) genetic factors c) environmental toxins d) parenting style
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d) parenting style
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Which of the following statements about the genetic component of autism is true? a) Identical twins will both have autism. b) A genetic marker for autism has been identified. c) The gene for autism is typically carried by the mother. d) Parents of a child with autism have a higher risk of having other children with autism
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d) Parents of a child with autism have a higher risk of having other children with autism
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At what age can autism be reliably diagnosed a) 18 months b) 24 months c) 3 years d) 5 years
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c) 3 years
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Which of the following i s a screening test to identify children with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism? a) the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire b) the Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2 c) the Modified-Checklist for Autism in Toddlers d) the Social Communication Questionnaire
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a) the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire OR c) the Modified-Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
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Who established the value of systematic early intervention in improving outcomes for children with autism? a) Eugen Bleuler b) Bruno Bettelheim c) Ivar Lovaas d) Lorna Wing
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c) Ivar Lovaas
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Skills that can help improve the success of children with autism in general education classes include all of the following except a) display near zero level problem behavior b) use of secretin therapy c) participate in group lessons d) appropriate participation with peers
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b) use of secretin therapy
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Which of the following statements about applied behavior analysis (ABA) is most accurate? a) ABA is too complicated for many parents b) Skills targeted for teaching are based on individual needs c) ABA is a teaching method d) ABA includes prescribed settings, teaching formats, and materials.
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b) Skills targeted for teaching are based on individual needs
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Which of the following statements about discrete trial training is incorrect? a) It is a method where children learn games b) It can be used in several variations c) It is commonly used in school classrooms for teaching any subject d) It is used by both law and medical students.
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d) It is used by both law and medical students.
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All of the following strategies are based on applied behavior analysis except a) discrete trial training b) facilitated communication c) naturalistic language strategies d) self-management strategies
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b) facilitated communication
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What is pica? a) self--injurious behavior b) eating of nonfood items c) self-stimulatory behavior d) excessive fear of loud noises
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b) eating of nonfood items
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Picture activity schedules for students with autism a) are most useful only in academic settings b) are most appropriate only for preschoolers c) promote dependence and conformity d) is a form of prompting
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d) is a form of prompting
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Kim has difficulty waiting in line at school. She wants to be first all of the time, and she will kick other students and scream if she is not at the front of the line. Her classmates get upset when they can't go to an activity until she is quiet. Kim's teacher creates a visual support for her that helps Kim understand lining up from the perspective of others. This visual support is referred to as a a) social story b) multimedia mediation c) self-management strategy d) picture exchange communication system
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a) social story
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Which types of stimuli are easiest for children with autism to process? a) human faces b) spoken words c) images on computer screens d) statues and other three-dimensional objects
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c) images on computer screens
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Which of the following types of sentences is NOT a part of a social story? a) affirmative b) comparative c) descriptive d) perspective
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b) comparative
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Which of the following is a modified form of a social story? a) comic book conversations b) a functional communication board c) a naturalistic language story d) video modeling
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a) comic book conversations
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Current research on successful inclusion of students with autism by Hayward (2011) indicated that students couches depended on the ability to a) read well b) care for personal needs c) participate and learn in group lessons d) remember large amounts of information
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c) participate and learn in group lessons
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A strong argument for including students with autism in general education is that a) it is cost effective b) parents prefer inclusion c) they are exposed to a more rigorous curriculum d) they can learn from socially competent children
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d) they can learn from socially competent children
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Which statement about educational placements for students with autism is accurate? a) Most of them are educated in separate classes b) Most of them are educated in general education classes c) An equal number are educated in general education classes and separate classes d) An equal number are educated in general education classes and residential facilities
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c) An equal number are educated in general education classes and separate classes
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Hans Asperger referred to older children and adolescents with autism as a) blank slates b) little professors c) refrigerator children d) human search engines
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b) little professors
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Which of the following interventions is supported by scientifically validated research? a) applied behavior analysis b) facilitated communication c) gluten free diets d) secretin therapy
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a) applied behavior analysis
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Mr. Quimby, a teacher, provides physical support to help Howard, a student who cannot speak, type responses on a keyboard, so that Howard can share his thoughts and ideas. This technique is known as a) cued communication b) facilitated communication c) functional communication d) reciprocal communication
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b) facilitated communication
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Which statement about unproven treatments for autism is most accurate? a) Unproven treatments are easy to identify b) Parents are more susceptible to them than teachers c) Schools are reluctant to adopt unproven treatments. d) Many treatments that claim to help have no scientific evidence.
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d) Many treatments that claim to help have no scientific evidence
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Children with physical disabilities and health conditions who require special education are served under what two IDEA disability categories?
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Orthopedic Impairments and Other Health Impairments. Orthopedic impairments can be either orthopedic or neuromotor.
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An orthopedic impairment involves....
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the skeletal system (bones, joints, limbs, and associated muscles).
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A neuromotor impairment involves the.....
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central nervous system, affecting the ability to move, use, feel,or control certain parts of the body.
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Children served under other health impairments have limited...
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strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that (i) Is due to chronic or acute health problems (asthma, ADD/ADHD, diabetes, epilepsy, heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, Tourette Syndrome); and (ii) Adversely affects academic performance.
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Health impairments also include diseases that affect a child's...
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educational performance.
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It is estimated that chronic medical conditions affect up to ____ of school age children.
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20%
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Students with physical disabilities may be served under other categories, because....
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their health impairments accompany other disabilities.
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There are numerous children whose physical disabilities do not adversely affect...
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their educational performance sufficiently to warrant special education.
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Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent physical disability in...
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school-age children.
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Cerebral palsy is a permanent condition resulting from...
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a lesion to the brain or an abnormality of brain growth.
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Children with cerebral palsy experience...
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disturbances of voluntary motor functions that may include paralysis, extreme weakness, lack of coordination, involuntary convulsions, and other motor disorders. They have little or no control over their arms, legs, or speech, depending on the type and degree of impairment.
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Cerebral palsy is not detected until...
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the child is 2 to 3 years old.
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Cerebral palsy can be treated, but...
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not cured.
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The term "plegia" is often used in combination with a prefix indicating...
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the location of limb involvement. Monoplegia = only one limb (upper or lower) is affected Hemiplegia = two limbs on either side of body involved Triplegia = three limbs are affected Quadriplegia = all four limbs are involved; movement of trunk and face may also be impaired Paraplegia = only legs are impaired Diplegia = impairment primarily involved the legs, with less severe involvement of the arms Double hemiplegia = impairment primarily involves the arms, with less severe involvement of the legs.
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Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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characterized by tense, contracted muscles (hypertonia); approximately 50 to 60% of all individuals with CP have this; may have jerky, exaggerated, and poorly coordinated movements.
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Atheoid Cerebral Palsy
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individuals make large, irregular, twisting movements they cannot control; occurs in about 20% of all cases of CP
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Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
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individuals have a poor sense of balance and hand use; occurs in 1% to 10% of cases of CP
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Rigidity and Tremor
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Rigidity = display extreme stiffness in the affected limbs; may be fixed or immobile for long periods Tremor = may increase when children attempt to control their actions
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Hypotonia
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weak, floppy muscles, particularly in the neck and trunk.
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Spina bifida is a condition in which...
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the vertebrae do not enclose the spinal cord.
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Spina bifida occulta...
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mildest form; only a few beriberi are malformed, usually in the lower spine; not visible externally
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Meningocele
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when the flexible casing (meninges) that surrounds the spinal cord bulges through an opening in the infant's back at birth
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Mylomeningocele
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most common and most serious form of spina bifida; the spinal lining, spinal cord, and nerve roots all protrude
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Hydrocephalus
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occurs in about 70 to 90% of children born with myelomenigocele; accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in tissues surrounding the brain; this condition can lead to head enlargement and severe brain damage; can be cured by surgical insertion of a shunt ( one-way valve that diverts cerebrospinal fluid away from brain and into blood stream)
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Muscular Dystrophy refers to a group of...
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about 40 inherited diseases marked by progressive atrophy (wasting away) of the body's muscles; Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and most severe type and affects only boys, but about ? of cases result of genetic mutation in families with no history of disease; evident between ages 2 and 6
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At this point, there is no known cure for muscular dystrophy, and in most cases, this disease is fatal in...
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adolescence or young adulthood. Death is also caused by heart failure or respiratory failure due to atrophied chest muscles.
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Treatment focus on maintaining function of...
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unaffected muscles for as long as possible, facilitating ambulation, helping the child and the family cope with limitations imposed by the disease, and providing emotional support and counseling to the child and the family.
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__________________ are the most common causes of spinal cord injuries in school age children.
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Motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports
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The higher the injury on the spine and the more the injury cuts through the spinal cord, the....
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the greater the paralysis.
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Rehabilitation programs for children with spinal cord injuries usually involve...
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physical therapy, the use of adaptive devices for mobility and independent living, and psychological support to help them adjust to a sudden disability.
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A seizure is...
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a disturbance of movement, sensation, behavior, and/or consciousness caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. When seizure occur chronically and repeatedly, the condition is known as epilepsy.
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Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure
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most conspicuous and serious type of seizure; little or no warning that a seizure is about to occur; muscles become stiff and child loses consciousness and falls to floor
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Absence Seizure
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far less severe, but may occur more frequently; usually brief loss of consciousness occurs, lasting from a few seconds to half a minute or so; child stares blankly, flutter or blink her eyes, grow pale, or drop whatever she is holding; she may be mistakenly view as daydreaming or not listening
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Complex Partial Seizure
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may appear as brief period of inappropriate or purposeless activity; child may smack her lips, walk around aimlessly, or shout; may appear to be conscious but is not actually aware of her unusual behavior
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Diabetes
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a chronic disorder of metabolism that affects estimated 25.8 million children and adults in U.S., or 8.3% of population. Without proper medical management, the child's system is not able to obtain and retain adequate energy from food
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Hypoglycemia and its Symptoms
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low blood sugar; called insulin reaction or diabetic shock; can result from taking too much insulin, unusually strenuous exercise, or a missed or delayed meal (the blood sugar level is lowered by insulin and exercise and raised by food; symptoms include faintness, dizziness, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea; child may appear irritable or have marked personality change
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Concentrated sugar ends...
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the insulin reaction in a few minutes
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Hyperglycemia and its Symptoms
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high blood sugar; more serious; indicates that too little insulin is present and diabetes is not under control; onset is gradual rather than sudden; symptoms include fatigue, thirst, dry hot skin, deep labored breathing, excessive urination, and fruity-smelling breath
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A doctor or nurse should be called immediately when...
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a student shows symptoms of hyperglycemia
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Asthma is...
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a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic bouts of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing; most common lung disease of children, estimating prevalence range from 7 to 10% of school-age children; it's the leading cause of absenteeism in school
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Cystic fibrosis is a...
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genetic disorder in which the exocrine glands excrete thick mucus that can block the lungs and parts of the digestive system; individuals often have difficulty breathing and are susceptible to pulmonary disease.
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Common characteristics of children with cystic fibrosis are...
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malnutrition and poor growth.
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A person with AIDS cannot resist and fight off infections because of a breakdown of the...
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immune system. Opportunistic infections such as TB, pneumonia, and cancerous skin lesions attack the person's body, grow in severity, and ultimately result in death; no cure, but advances in antiretroviral drug treatment have dramatically reduced mortality rates.
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HIV is transmitted through...
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sexual contact and blood-to-blood contact
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Children with HIV/AIDS legally cannot...
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attend school in defiance of the IDEA principle of zero reject; they cannot legally be excluded from attending school unless they are deemed a direct health risk to other children.
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Because children with HIV/AIDS and their families often face discrimination, teachers and school personnel should actively facilitate...
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universal precautions, a set of standard safety techniques that interrupt the chain of infection spread by potential biohazards such as blood and bodily fluids.
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ADHD
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persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impuslivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development
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A large number of children with various disabilities are also....
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identified as having ADHD.
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ADHD is not a category recognized by IDEA, but it is estimated...
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that between 40% and 50% of students with ADHD qualify for special education services, the majority being served under the disability categories of emotional disturbance and learning disabilities .
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Children who are not served under IDEA are eligible for services under...
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
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It is estimated that _____ of all school-age children have ADHD.
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9.5%
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In most cases, the cause of ADHD is ________.
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not well understood.
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Growing evidence that ________ may place individuals at a greater than normal risk of and ADHD diagnosis.
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genetic factors
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Neuroimaging technology shows that some individuals with ADHD have __________.
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structural or biochemical differences in their brains.
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Treatment of ADHD includes...
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drug therapy and behavioral interventions.
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Characteristics of Children with Physical and Health Impairments
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Characteristics of children with physical disabilities and health impairments are so varied that attempting to describe them is nearly impossible.
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Educational progress is hampered by________.
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frequent and sometimes prolonged absences from school for medical treatment when flare-ups or relapses require hospitalization.
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Performance on social-behavioral skills is_______.
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below average.
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Factors that influence different areas of functioning include_______________.
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age of onset and visibility
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Educational Approaches: Teaming and Related Services
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Physical Therapists: involved in development and maintenance of motor skills, movement, and posture; may prescribe specific exorcists help a child increase control of muscles and use specialized equipment, such as braces, effectively. Massage and prescriptive exercises are perhaps the most frequently applied procedures, but can also include swimming, heat treatment, special positioning for feeding and toiling, and other techniques Occupational Therapists: concerned with a child's participation in activities, especially those that will be useful in self-help, employment, recreation, communication, and aspects of daily living; may help a child learn diverse motor behaviors such as drinking form a modified cup, buttoning clothes, tying shoes, pouring liquids, cooking, and typing on a computer keyboard Other specialists include speech-language pathologists, adapted physical educators, recreation therapists, school nurses, posttests, orthotists, orientation and mobility specialists, biomedical engineering, health aides, and counselors and medical social workers.
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Environmental modifications include adaptions to provide_____________.
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increased access to a task or an activity, changing the way in which instruction is delivered, and changing the manner in which the task is done
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Environmental modifications include....
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assistive technologies and special health care routines.
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About 7 to 24% of students with physical disabilities are served in ___________.
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resource rooms.
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Current Issues and Future Trends Include...
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Related Services in the Classroom New and Emerging Technologies for Persons with Severe Physical Disabilities Animal Assistance Employment, Life Skills, and Self-Advocacy
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Anxiety and Behavioral Disorders and Instructional Implications of Them
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Anxiety Disorders - Generalized Anxiety Disorder = unrealistic worries, fears, and tensions lasting more than 6 months - Phobias = fear reaction to a specific object or situation - Obsessive/Compulsive Disorder = persistent recurring thoughts (obsessions) that reflect exaggerated anxiety - Anorexia/Bulimia = refusal to maintain body weight/recurring binge and purging - PTSD = prolonged recurrent emotional reaction after exposure to traumatic event - Selective Mutism = child may speak to selective person(s) but refuses to talk to others...often caused by fear of speaking in certain settings/certain people; control of their environment Mood Disorders - Depression = marked pervasive sad mood/sense of hopelessness - Bipolar Disorder = alternating episodes of depressive and manic states - Schitzophrenia = severe psychosis, delusions, hallucinations (hears voices) catatonia (onset at adolescence) - Tourette Syndrome = inherited neurological disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics/repeated involuntary movements or sounds Instructional Implications - academics using proven instructional strategies, avoid non-compliant and disruptive behaviors - include positive social skill training - teach self-management techniques - include proactive classroom management strategies (plan for anticipated behavior problems) - provide peer mediation and support - proper placements preclude behavior problems (alternate settings, counseling services availability, etc.)
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Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
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FBA - systematic process for gathering information to understand "why" the student is engaging in challenging behaviors Why They're Important = they are used to generate hypotheses about what the behavior's function, or purpose, is for the student How They're Important = When the knowledge of a behavior's function is found out, it can point to the design of an appropriate and effective BIP (Behavioral Intervention Plan) Components of FBA = 1) Identify and define the specific problem behavior; 2) collect information about the occurrence of the behavior through observation, systematic data collection, and interviews with child, parents and staff; 3) identification of the antecedent events and consequences surrounding the behavior; 4) development of a hypothesis about the behavior
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ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) and DTT (Discrete Trial Training): Instructional Styles, Why and How They Are Utilized with ASD Students
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ABA = uses behavioral principals such as positive reinforcement to teach children in a planned, systematic manner; individualized-goals are determined based on needs of student; data-based evaluation, doable, not punitive, and does not prescribe instructional settings, formats, or materials - Treatments based on other models can yield beneficial outcomes for children with autism (Ex: intervention derived from developmental psychology and designed to improve joint attention and symbolic play enhanced mother-child interactions and raised children's scores on standardized tests of IQ and language; however, no other form of treatment for children with autism has the amount or quality of scientific evidence attesting to its effectiveness that treatment informed by ABA has DTT = teacher prepares set of problems which are presented one at a time; sequence of learning pre-determined by teacher; student responds or fails to respond to each problem; teacher responds to student response by praising, ignoring, or correcting; goal of teaching is to be successful and create new problems to present DTT plays important role ABA-based programming for children with autism They are utilized because of documented accomplishments of some children with autism after receiving instance ABA therapy. Also, ABA programming uses a variety of procedures to help individuals with autism acquire and generalize new skills Utilization Strategies: - strategies fro shifting control over a student's responses from contrived stimuli used in training to naturally occurring stimuli in the student's environment - alternative forms of communication such as Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) - Teaching practices for spoken and written language based on a functional analysis of verbal behavior - peer tutoring interventions for building academic and social relationships - strategies to increase active student responding during group instruction - self-management tactics - methods of errorless discrimination learning - functional assessment of challenging behavior - functional communication training - naturalistic strategies for teaching language and social skills
