question

1. What are the two body fluid compartments in your body?

answer

Intracellular & Extracellular

question

2. Where is the intracellular fluid located?

answer

Inside the cells

question

What fluid compartments are extracellular?

answer

Interstitial, Plasma & Transcellular

question

3. Where is interstitial fluid found?

answer

Between cells

question

4. Where is transcellular fluid found?

answer

In joints, mucous, GI tract secretions, etc.

question

5. Which is the largest body fluid compartment?

answer

Intracellular fluid

question

6. Which is the largest extracellular body fluid compartment?

answer

Interstitial

question

7. Which is the smallest body fluid compartment?

answer

Transcellular

question

8. If you manipulate one body fluid compartment, does it have an effect on another compartment?

answer

Yes

question

9. What is always similar about every body fluid compartment in the body?

answer

Each compartment has the same number of particles dissolved in the water

question

10. What can be different about each body fluid compartment?

answer

Its size, volume and composition.

question

11. If one body fluid compartment is larger than another, will they have different volumes, compositions, and particles dissolved in water?

answer

They will have different volumes They may or may not have different compositions (how much of each type of particle) They will have the same number of particles dissolved in water (same osmolality)

question

12. Does size or composition (of the particles dissolved in the water) affect the number of particles dissolved in the water of each body compartment?

answer

No, size or composition does not affect the number of particles dissolved in water.

question

13. How many particles per million are dissolved in each liter of water (milliosmoles) are in each compartment?

answer

300 million particles (or 300 milliosmoles, abbreviated 300 mOsm) per liter of water.

question

What is the osmolarity of body fluid compartments?

answer

300 mOsm That means 300 million particles per liter (300 million osmoles) or described as having an osmolarity of 300 mOsm.

question

14. If one compartment has more particles than another one next to it, and if those particles cannot reach equal numbers on their own because the cell membrane blocks their passage, how will the water react?

answer

The water will travel in the direction necessary to dilute the compartment with the higher number of particles until they are at the same number of particles per liter.

question

15. Does water always move across the compartments? Why?

answer

Yes, because cell membranes always allow water to pass.

question

16. Do body fluid compartments have the same composition (types of particles per liter)?

answer

No, the composition varies. For example, one compartment may have 76% sodium, 12% glucose, and 12% glucose, while another compartment has 76% potassium, 12% glucose, and 12% potassium

question

17. Do body fluid compartments have the same volumes?

answer

No, the volume varies

question

18. Do body fluid compartments have the same osmolalities (number of particles per liter)?

answer

Yes, the osmolality is the same, regardless of the volume

question

19. What is a law of physics that states all particles want to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration?

answer

Diffusion

question

20. Which direction does water want to move?

answer

High concentration to low concentration

question

21. If I have two identical cups of water, and I add 20tsp of lemonade to one cup and 10 tsp. of lemonade to the other cup which one is more concentrated with lemonade?

answer

The one with 20tsp of lemonade is more concentrated because it has the most particles.

question

22. Which cup is more concentrated with water?

answer

The cup with 10tsp of lemonade is more concentrated with water because it has fewer particles of lemonade.

question

23. Diffusion: If these two solutions were in body compartments next to each other, and the particles cannot move from their area of high concentration to low concentration, which way will water move?

answer

Water will move from its area of high concentration to low concentration. (From the cup with 10tsp of lemonade to the cup with 20tsp of lemonade).

question

24. What does the saying "particles suck" mean?

answer

With two given solutions water will diffuse towards the substance containing more particles. Therefore, the compartment with the most particles will suck the water in

question

25. In the case where the plasma has 260 mOsm (260 particles per liter) and the nearby cells have 300 mOsm, will the cells will draw the water into themselves, or will the plasma draw water into the blood vessel?

answer

The compartment with more particles (the cells) will suck the water in. Therefore, water will move from the plasma to the adjacent cells.

question

26. When particles cannot diffuse down their concentration gradient because the cell membrane blocks them, what will move, in order to dilute the cells?

answer

Water! This is because cells with more particles will suck the water in to dilute their particle concentration.

question

27. What will happen to the cells when they suck up too much water?

answer

The cells will lyse (rupture.)

question

28. How many liters can a kidney filter per hour?

answer

1L

question

29. What was the problem the young mother eventually passed away from during the water drinking contest?

answer

She drank 3L of water/hour and your kidney is only able to filter 1L per hour. The excess water in the plasma moved into her brain cells, rupturing them.

question

30. When the plasma is too dilute, where will the extra water go?

answer

Water will leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues where there is a higher concentration of solutes.

question

31. If the particles in cells are at a higher mOsm compared to the particles in the nearby blood vessels, which way do the PARTICLES want to move? Will they be able to move?

answer

The particles will WANT to move from the cells to the blood vessel, but they cannot move

question

32. If the particles in cells are at a higher mOsm compared to the particles in the nearby blood vessels, which way does WATER want to move? Will it be able to move?

answer

The water wants to move from the blood vessel into the cells, and yes, it can move

question

33. In a person who is overhydrated, will the person initially have more water in their plasma or in their cells?

answer

The person will initially have more water in their PLASMA than in their cells.

question

34. In a person who is overhydrated, will the mOsm of their plasma be high or low?

answer

Low

question

35. In a person who is overhydrated, will their plasma's osmolality now be greater than 300 mOsm (more concentrated) in particles or less than 300 mOsm (more diluted) in particles?

answer

The plasma will have a lower osmolality than 300 mOsm (more diluted) in particles due to the increase of water ingested

question

36. If the plasma is now below 300 mOsm and the surrounding cell are still at 300 mOsm, in what direction will the water diffuse?

answer

The cells will draw in water from the plasma.

question

37. What will happen to the cells as they draw in more water?

answer

The cells will enlarge and eventually rupture.

question

38. In order to counteract the effects of overhydration, should the person be given an IV that is hypertonic (greater than 300 mOsm) or hypotonic (less than 300 mOsm)?

answer

Hypertonic (greater than 300 mOsm)

question

39. Why should an overhydrated person be given an IV that is hypertonic (greater than 300 mOsm)?

answer

Since the plasma is diluted below 300 mOsm because of the extra water consumed, a hypertonic (greater than 300 mOsm) IV is given in order to raise the number of particles in the plasma so that it will once again balance and match the number of particles in the cells.

question

40. Patient recovering from bacterial infection has been suffering with diarrhea. He has not been able to eat or drink anything. Low BP=70/40, High Pulse-110bpm. Do you give an iv solution that is hyper, hypo, or isotonic? Why?

answer

• Give Isotonic solution (ringers solution). • The person has a high pulse rate and low blood pressure. • Since the person is severely dehydrated, but the water loss and particle loss are equal (diarrhea or vomiting) you do not want to overhydrate the cells with a hypotonic solution and you don't want to make the dehydration worse by giving him a hypertonic solution, thus you give him an isotonic solution.

question

41. Patient, age 24, has been suffering from food poisoning with vomiting and diarrhea. He has been drinking a lot of plain water, not Gaitoraid or Pedialite. Skin and mucous membranes are dry, and he's complaining of a headache. Heart rate is normal, but he has high BP=200/120. Do you give an iv solution that is hyper, hypo, or isotonic? Why?

answer

• The person has hypotonic dehydration, so give a hypertonic solution. • He has excess solute loss from GI distress, while replacing it with plain water. His plasma fluid has more water than particles, water moves from the plasma to the interstitial space, and then into the cells. This can lead to shock. • The headache is from the brain cells swelling from the excess water they have absorbed. • He should have replaced the electrolytes by drinking something like Gaitoraid or Pedialite.

question

42. A 35 year old patient recovering from food poisoning has been vomiting and eating only Saltine crackers. She has a moderately rapid pulse and moderately low blood pressure Do you give an iv solution that is hyper, hypo, or isotonic? Why?

answer

• She has a hypertonic fluid deficit, so she needs a hypotonic solution. The salty crackers replaced the sodium lost from GI distress, but the salt replacement exceeded the water replacement, so her plasma is hypertonic

question

43. How much of your body weight is from water?

answer

Answer: 60%. Water is the most abundant substance in the body.

question

44. Calculate the weight of a person weighing 150lbs into kg.

answer

Divide in pounds by 2.2 150/ 2.2 = 68kg

question

45. Once you know someone's weight in kg, how to you calculate how much of their weight is water?

answer

Formula: #kg x 0.6 Example: 150 lbs divided by 2.2 = 68kg 68kg x 0.6 = 40.8 liters of water

question

46. What has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid concentration ratio for most mammalian cells?

answer

Sodium

question

47. Outside of cells (in the plasma), there is a high concentration of which particles? What particles are low in concentration?

answer

High in sodium and calcium Low in potassium and proteins

question

48. Inside of each cells, there is a high concentration of which particles, and a low concentration of which particles?

answer

High in potassium and proteins, low in sodium and calcium

question

49. Why don't we want a net gain or loss of fluid across the cell membrane

answer

The cell will shrink or swell and burst

question

50. What keeps the sodium ions from moving down their concentration gradients towards equilibrium?

answer

The cell membrane, it is designed to be semi- permeable and it prevents sodium and other particles from entering the cell.

question

51. If you have a cell immersed in pure water, will it shrink or burst?

answer

Particles suck, so pure water will get sucked into the cell until the cell bursts.

question

52. Is particle concentration higher in a cell or pure water?

answer

Cell

question

53. What particles can cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion, with no channel?

answer

• Gases (O2, CO2) Lipids and lipid-loving (hydrophobic or lipophilic) substances such as alcohol

question

54. What are examples of gases that can cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion?

answer

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

question

55. What is an example of a lipid-loving substance that can cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion?

answer

Alcohol

question

56. A "lipid-loving" substance can also be described as what?

answer

Hydrophobic or Lipophilic

question

57. What does "Selectively permeable" mean?

answer

Allows some substances to pass but not others

question

58. What type of molecules can pass through the membrane without help

answer

Only molecules that are small, uncharged, or fat soluble

question

59. How do they get through

answer

One of (2) ways: 1. Passive transport; means that energy (ATP) is not needed 2. Active transport; means that energy (ATP) is needed

question

60. What causes positive feedback to be so dangerous?

answer

It is a vicious cycle that can lead to progressive instability and death. It promotes instability and disease. It is rare in the body, and it has to eventually be stopped with a negative feedback mechanism

question

61. Which type of situation is typically associated with positive feedback and how common are they?

answer

Positive feedback is very rare and typically associated with illnesses.

question

62. How are positive feedback mechanisms stopped?

answer

Positive feedback mechanisms must eventually be stopped with a negative feedback mechanism.

question

63. Which direction does positive feedback follow?

answer

It follows the direction of the deviated variable , and eventually both become too high.

question

64. What are three examples of normal positive feedback in the body?

answer

Clotting of blood, pregnancy, and ovulation

question

65. What is facilitated diffusion?

answer

• Facilitated diffusion is when an ion wants to travel down its concentration gradient, but they have to use a channel in the cell membrane that opens and closes

question

66. Does facilitated diffusion require any energy to occur?

answer

No, it is passive transport and does NOT require energy (ATP).

question

67. What mechanisms of transport require ATP?

answer

Ion pumps and co-transport

question

68. What are the three types of passive transport (do not require ATP)?

answer

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

question

69. What is Active Transport?

answer

When a substance needs to move against its concentration gradient (it is moved from an area of LOW concentration on one side of the cell membrane to an area of HIGH concentration on the other side of the cell membrane)

question

70. How is Active Transport accomplished?

answer

A protein embedded in the cell membrane grabs onto the substance and drags it across the cell membrane (this requires ATP)

question

71. What are the 3 main types of active transport

answer

Ion pumps, cotransport, and endocytosis.

question

72. Which feedback mechanism is associated with the greatest health?

answer

Negative.

question

73. Does negative or positive feedback need to be carefully controlled?

answer

Positive feedback needs to be carefully controlled.

question

74. What are the two ways water can move?

answer

Osmosis and Hydrostatic pressure

question

75. What is Osmosis?

answer

The movement of water molecules across a membrane from water's area of high concentration (lots of water but low concentration of particles) to water's area of low concentration (less water but more particles).

question

76. Is osmosis active or passive transport?

answer

Passive transport

question

77. What is the name of the pore that acts as a conducting channel for water?

answer

Aquaporins

question

78. In a solution, what is the solvent and what is the solute?

answer

In a solution, water is the solvent and the particles are the solute

question

79. What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

answer

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of fluid exerted on the vessel or container

question

80. What is Hydrostatic Pressure inside a blood vessel

answer

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that water in plasma (inside a blood vessel) exerts on the inside of a blood vessel wall. When the pressure is high, plasma leaks out of the vessel and into the interstitial space.

question

81. What is Hydrostatic Pressure outside a blood vessel?

answer

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that water in the interstitial space (fluid between cells) exerts on the outside of a blood vessel wall. This is how you remove swelling by applying an ACE wrap. It makes the pressure on the outside of the vessel higher than the inside, so goes back into the blood vessel.

question

82. Why is hydrostatic pressure important?

answer

This is how water moves between fluid compartments. It leaves the plasma and becomes interstitial fluid, bathing the cells with nutrients. The cells can also give or take water as needed.

question

83. What is osmosis?

answer

Osmosis is the movement of water across a cell membrane. It is NOT the proper term to use to describe particles moving across a cell membrane...that is diffusion.

question

84. When will osmosis occur?

answer

Osmosis will occur when there is a difference in particle concentration on each side of a cell membrane.

question

85. Since particles cannot always diffuse across a membrane, water does but in what direction will the water move?

answer

Down a concentration gradient to the side with a higher concentration of particles and a lower concentration of water. Particles suck water!

question

86. When will osmosis stop?

answer

When the particle concentration per liter is the same on both sides of the membrane (equilibrium)

question

87. Osmosis is affected by what three things?

answer

Solute concentration, Osmotic force, and hydrostatic force

question

88. Why does water move into dialysis tubing until it reaches a certain column height without climbing higher and higher in the column indefinitely?

answer

Because gravity will be exerting forces on it (hydrostatic pressure).

question

89. In what two ways does water move between compartments?

answer

Osmosis and hydrostatic pressure

question

90. When water enters a solution that contains lots of particles that are impermeable across a membrane, will the solution have a high or low osmotic pressure?

answer

High osmotic pressure

question

91. In terms of water movement through the GI tract, explain what would happen if you swallowed some aspirin.

answer

There would be no net gain or water loss, because aspirin particles can cross the cell membrane of a person's intestinal tract.

question

92. What would happen to the water movement through the GI tract if cellulose were to be consumed instead of aspirin?

answer

Cellulose cannot cross the membrane. Therefore, more particles occupy the GI tract lumen, which will cause an influx of water from nearby cells.

question

93. Explain how laxatives work.

answer

A laxative will cause there to be more particles in the GI tube. Since the osmolality has increased, water from the surrounding cells will enter the GI lumen. Over time, this extraction of fluid will cause dehydration.

question

94. If a person ingests a non-absorbable solute (like a laxative) into the gastrointestinal tract, then the osmolality of the GI tube compartment will increase or decrease?

answer

Increase

question

95. When a person takes a laxative, there will be a net movement of water from where to where?

answer

From the surrounding cells into the gastrointestinal lumen

question

96. Will a solution with a smaller number of particles have a higher or lower hydrostatic pressure than a solution with a greater number of particles?

answer

It will have a lower hydrostatic pressure.

question

97. In order for osmosis to occur to what must the cell membrane be permeable to?

answer

water

question

98. In order for osmosis to occur to what must the cell membrane be impermeable to?

answer

solutes

question

99. What is the term for a solution with few particles?

answer

hypo-osmotic

question

100. What is the term for a solution with many particles?

answer

hyper-osmotic

question

101. What is the amount of pressure required to stop osmosis from happening called?

answer

Osmotic pressure

question

102. Will a solution containing lots of particles that are impermeable across a membrane have a high or low osmotic pressure?

answer

High osmotic pressure

question

103. What is the term for a solution that has the same osmolarity as body fluids?

answer

Isosmotic

question

104. What is the term for a solution that has a higher osmolarity than body fluids?

answer

Hyperosmotic

question

105. What is the term for a solution that a lower osmolarity than body fluids?

answer

Hypo-osmotic

question

106. What is osmotic pressure?

answer

The amount of hydrostatic pressure you need to apply to stop the water from moving from the top of the tube where there are more particles.

question

107. What type of hydrostatic pressure you need to apply to stop the water from moving?

answer

Osmotic Pressure

question

108. If the plasma fluid becomes hyperosmotic compared to the intracellular fluid of surrounding cells, would we expect the cells to shrink or swell?

answer

Shrink

question

109. What will happen to a cell placed in the ISOSMOTIC (300mOsm) solution?

answer

There is no net gain or loss of water.

question

110. What will happen to a cell placed in the HYPEROSMOTIC (600 mOsm) solution?

answer

Particles suck so solution will suck the water from the cell. The cell will SHRINK.

question

111. What will happen to a cell placed in the HYPO-OSMOTIC (100 mOsm) solution?

answer

Particles suck so the cell will suck water from the solution and will BURST.

question

112. Do particles in the cell usually diffuse outward? (in most cases)

answer

No

question

113. Can a urea particle cross a membrane

answer

Yes

question

114. When particles diffuse across a membrane is there a net gain or net loss of water in the compartment?

answer

There is no net gain or loss of water in a compartment when particles are able to diffuse across the membrane.

question

115. What are 2 characteristics of plasma in a diabetic patient?

answer

Increased glucose in blood plasma and an overall increased solute concentration which leads to more water in the blood

question

116. A diabetic patient's blood plasma has changed from 300 mOsm to 304 mOsm. Will water move out of the blood plasma into the interstitial space or the other direction?

answer

Water will move from the interstitial space into the blood plasma as the particles in the blood plasma are greater due to the solute being greater from increased glucose in the blood. PARTICLES SUCK!

question

117. Describe the effects and usage of insulin in a healthy individual vs. a patient with diabetes.

answer

When you eat, sugars are absorbed into plasma. Normally, insulin transports these sugars into the cells, but in a diabetic with no insulin, the sugars stay in high concentration in the plasma.

question

118. When a person has many particles in the blood (such as glucose), does water flow into the blood vessel or out of the blood vessel?

answer

Flows into the blood vessel (particles suck!)

question

119. In the above question, where does the water come from that flows into the blood vessel? 120. What does that do to the osmolality of that compartment that lost the water?

answer

Interstitial Space; it becomes dehydrated since it lost the water to the blood vessel, so now it has the same number of particles in less water, so its concentration goes up. That means the osmolality becomes higher.

question

121. If the interstitial space becomes dehydrated, what happens to water in the nearby cells? 122. What will that do to the cells?

answer

The water leaves the cells and enters the interstitial compartment, so the cells shrink.

question

123. In a dehydrated compartment, if osmolality is at 300 particles per HALF a liter, instead of 300 particles per liter, (which is the same as saying it has become 600 mOsm), in what direction will water travel?

answer

Water will leave the surrounding compartments and enter the dehydrated compartment

question

124. After a diabetic patient eats sugar, in what direction will water initially flow? Ultimately, will the person become dehydrated or overhydrated?

answer

Water flows from the interstitial space to the plasma; person will be dehydrated

question

125. The condition where a person drinks a lot of water because they are thirsty is called (_______________)

answer

Polydipsia

question

126. Polydipsia is a characteristic of a person with what disease?

answer

Diabetes

question

What happens to blood pressure in a dehydrated athlete?

answer

Blood pressure drops for the same reason as a person with diabetes

question

128. What is Kwashiorkor?

answer

A malnourished person (usually a child) with a swollen belly

question

1. What is missing from the diet of a person with Kwashiorkor?

answer

They are missing protein in their diet

question

130. What is the osmotic effect of the blood vessel in a person who has a diet without protein?

answer

Many of the particles in blood are proteins. With no proteins, the number of particles in the plasma fluid compartment becomes low.

question

1. When there are too few particles in the plasma, where will water flow?

answer

Too few particles means there is too much water in that compartment, so water will flow out of the blood vessel and into the interstitial space.

question

132. Why does a person with Kwashiorkor have a distended belly?

answer

Their plasma osmotic pressure is low compared to the transcellular's. All of the compartments are missing proteins, so all of the particle counts are low, so water leaves all the compartments. It has nowhere to go except the spaces in the abdominal cavity.

question

133. What is the most abundant plasma protein, and where is it made?

answer

Albumin, made in the liver

question

134. What substance is needed to make albumin? Where do we get that substance?

answer

Amino acids; they come from eating protein

question

135. Does a lack of dietary protein cause a high or low mOsm in the blood plasma?

answer

Low

question

136. The peritoneal cavity is best described as...

answer

The space outside the digestive organs and under the skin and fat

question

137. What two conditions are caused by fluid going from the plasma into the peritoneal compartment?

answer

Ascites and Kwashiorkor

question

138. Ascites is characteristic of ...

answer

Malnutrition and disease

question

139. What other medical conditions are caused by ascites?

answer

Portal hypertension, jaundice, and nerve cell death

question

140. Edema is best described as?

answer

Excess interstitial fluid

question

141. What groups of people are at higher risk for developing ascites here in the USA?

answer

Elderly and alcoholics

question

142. What food source is important to encourage elderly to eat often?

answer

Protein

question

143. When your body is malnourished, how will the body cope?

answer

The body will break down proteins from its own muscles, to get what it needs.

question

144. What happens to the liver with alcoholism?

answer

The liver becomes scarred and is unable to make new proteins

question

145. Where is bile made?

answer

In the liver

question

146. What is "portal hypertension".

answer

Pressure on the bile duct that prevents the release of bilirubin.

question

147. What are areas you commonly see jaundice?

answer

The whites of the eyes, yellowing of the skin.

question

148. What causes nerve cell death?

answer

Bilirubin entering the brain

question

149. What causes the color of waste products in the body?

answer

Bilirubin (breakdown product of RBC destruction. It causes the color of the urine and feces

question

150. Are the terms "tonicity and osmolality interchangeable?

answer

NO

question

151. What is tonicity?

answer

The number of particles per kg of water in each of two compartments, where the membrane that separates them is impermeable to the particles. Differences in tonicity between the two compartments always lead to water moving from one compartment to the other.

question

152. What is osmolality?

answer

The number of particles present, regardless of their permeability

question

153. What solute is a waste product which is freely permeable to cell membranes?

answer

Urea

question

154. Since urea can cross a cell membrane, will water shift from one compartment to another?

answer

No, water might move a little, but it shifts back (that is called a transient shift).

question

155. Why is it important to understand this about urea?

answer

Because urea is reabsorbed in the early stage of kidney filtration, and then excreted in the later stage. During the early stage, it does not cause water to be reabsorbed with it, so the kidneys are free to excrete the excess water.

question

156. Is 300 mmol/L of sucrose isotonic, hyper, or hypotonic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Isotonic

question

157. Will a cell in this solution shrink, swell, or have no change?

answer

Cell would not change

question

158. Is 300 mmol/L of sucrose isosmotic, hyper, or hypo-osmotic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Isosmotic

question

159. Will a cell in this solution shrink, swell, or have no change?

answer

Cell would not change

question

160. Is 600 mmol/L of sucrose isotonic, hyper, or hypotonic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Hypertonic

question

161. Will a cell in this solution shrink or swell?

answer

Cell would shrink

question

162. Is 600 mmol/L of sucrose isosmotic, hyper, or hypo-osmotic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Hyperosmotic

question

163. Will a cell in this shrink or swell?

answer

Cell would shrink

question

164. Is 200 mmol/L of sucrose isotonic, hyper, or hypotonic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Hypotonic

question

165. Will a cell in this shrink or swell?

answer

Cell would swell

question

166. Is 200 mmol/L of sucrose isosmotic, hyper, or hypo-osmotic compared to our body fluids?

answer

Hypo-osmotic

question

167. Will a cell in this shrink or swell?

answer

Cell would swell

question

168. Is 400 mmol/L of UREA isosmotic, hyper, or hypo-osmotic compared to our body cells?

answer

Hyperosmotic

question

169. Is 400 mmol/L of UREA isotonic, hyper, or hypotonic?

answer

Isotonic

question

170. Will a cell in 400 mmol of urea shrink, swell, or have no change?

answer

The cell would not shrink or burst (no change in cell volume)

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