Fleeting World Summer Assignment – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What role does this book play in the telling of history?
answer
This Fleeting World presents a big-picture narrative of world history not found in any textbook, curriculum guide, or set of state or national standards.
question
What role did supernovae play in creating the universe?
answer
Supernovae is where the remaining elements can be made, all the way up to uranium. It made chemistry possible.
question
What "probably" wiped out the dinosaurs?
answer
Asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs
question
Where and when did our species begin?
answer
Within the last 20 years, our species were began from the primates, which lived in trees in the beginning.
question
Who or what are "foragers"?
answer
The era of foragers was the time in human history when all human communities lived by searching out or hunting food and other things they needed, rather than by growing or manufacturing them. Such people are also called "hunter-gatherers."
question
Why has the era of foragers typically not been studied by historians?
answer
Most historians lack the research skills needed to study an era that generated no written evidences.
question
What 3 types of evidence are used to study this era?
answer
Archaeology, anthropology, and prehistory are used to study.
question
What is the impact of Carbon dating?
answer
Carbon dating has impacted on archaeology.
question
When did human history begin? Explain the theories and their evidence.
answer
The multi-regional model, defended today by a minority of physical anthropologists, including Milford Wolpoff and Alan Thorne.The evidence for this model comes mainly from the comparative study of skeletal remains.
question
What is the significance of symbolic language?
answer
Symbolic language greatly enhanced the precision of human communication and the range of ideas that humans can exchange.
question
How do anthropologists know/learn about foraging communities?
answer
Anthropologists used to discipline the generalizations suggested by modern anthropological research.
question
Why were population densities low in foraging communities?
answer
Low productivity ensured that population densities were low by the standards of later eras, averaging perhaps as little as one person per square kilometer.
question
How were small foraging communities tied together and organized?
answer
Exchanges of people were one way to tie together.
question
How did men and women share the work and power?
answer
Women took most responsibility for child rearing and for gathering most of the food, whereas men specialized in hunting.
question
What is the fundamental cosmological model of the universe of foraging peoples?
answer
The belief that all or most of reality is animated by spirit.
question
Why might some people say that foragers were affluent?
answer
The things they needed could be found all around them.
question
How long would it take for 11 people to become 22 people using the doubling time of the foraging era?
answer
It would take eight thousand to nine thousand.
question
Why did Australia and the Americas have so many extinctions of large mammals?
answer
The extinctions appeared to coincide with the first arrival of modern humans.
question
What impact did those extinctions have on the history of these regions?
answer
Humans were unable to exploit large animals as beasts of burden and sources of foodstuffs and fibers.
question
What does the term "affluent forager" mean and why were they significant?
answer
The appearance of communities that systematically manipulated their environments to extract more resources from a given area.
question
What is agriculture and how did it impact human life?
answer
The set of technologies that these people used is often called "agriculture"
question
When and where did agriculture start?
answer
Agriculture started in the Fertile Crescent from about 8000 BCE.
question
How might climate change have contributed to the rise of farming?
answer
In temperate and tropical zones warmer climates have highly nutritious plants. Intensive agriculture is impossible under the harsh conditions.
question
How might population growth have caused sedentary lifestyles?
answer
Prey resources such as fish or wild grains are unusually abundant.
question
Where and why did agriculture spread rapidly?
answer
Farming communities usually had more resources and more people than foraging communities.
question
What are the 6 characteristics shared by agrarian communities?
answer
a) Village-Based Societies b) Demographic Dynamism c) Accelerated Technological Innovation d) Secondary-Products Revolution e) Relations with Nonagenarian communities f) Epidemic Diseases g) Hierarchies of Power
question
How did population growth percentages compare in farming villages versus foraging communities?
answer
Less than 0.01 percent per annum, which implies that human populations were doubling approximately every eight thousand to nine thousand years.
question
What is the secondary product revolution and how did it impact humans?
answer
One of the most important of these clusters of innovation had its primary impact only in the Afro-Eurasian world zone. It made more efficient use of the secondary products of large livestock.
question
How can pottery help prove if the theory of a "secondary products" revolution is true?
answer
Secondary-products-revolution hypothesis by analysing residues for evidence of milk.
question
In what regions did irrigation farming have the biggest impact?
answer
Irrigation farmers diverted small streams onto their fields, created new farm land by filling swamps with soil and refuse, or built systemic networks of canals and dams to serve entire regions.
question
What are "Malthusian cycles"?
answer
Patterns of growth and decline are Malthusian cycles.
question
Why were sedentary societies susceptible to epidemic disease?
answer
Sedentary societies were small and mobile, white farming groups created favorable environments for pathogens.
question
What impact did stored surpluses have on society?
answer
Stored surpluses triggered the emergence of new forms of inequality and new systems of power.
question
How did foragers continue to have impact on settled communities?
answer
Foragers impacted by carrying goods between agrarian regions and sometimes by introducing technologies or by trading valued goods.
question
How did the needs of society change as communities became bigger?
answer
Most simple forms of leadership derived from the needs of the community and these needs of society change to make communities bigger.
question
How/where do archaeologists find evidence of institutionalized hierarchies?
answer
Archaeologists find evidence from burials or residences begin to vary greatly in size within a community.
question
How and why did men begin to dominate over women?
answer
Warfare may also have changed gender relations as population growth intensified competition between communities and as men began to monopolize the organization of violence.
question
What are cities and states and what caused them to emerge?
answer
In the Pacific zone embryonic states emerged on islands such as Tonga or Hawaii within the last thousand years. The rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture caused them to emerge.
question
What caused imperial states to emerge and what were the limits on imperial rule?
answer
The exchange of technologies, goods, and religious and cultural traditions throughout Eurasia expanded.
question
What impact did the rise of large empires have on Afro-Eurasian political, social, and economic life?
answer
What impact did the rise of large empires have on Afro-Eurasian political, social, and economic life?
question
What four world religions rose?
answer
1. Zoroastrianism 2. Buddhism 3. Christianity 4. Sufis
question
Did the Americas experience expanded political systems in the Agrarian Era? Cite evidence to support your answer.
answer
In the Americas, too, political systems expanded in size, in military power, and in cultural and commercial reach. Direct political power it had over other cities and states.
question
The Vikings, Mongols, and Ming Admiral Cheng Ho are examples of what phenomenon in the era from 1000-1750?
answer
These examples made a series of expeditions to the West, some of which took them to Arabia in southwestern Asia and to east Africa.
question
What were the first two large imperial states in the Americas?
answer
The Aztecs, based at Tenochtitlan in Mexico, and of the Incas, based at Cuzco in Peru.
question
What roles did West European states play in global networks between 1000 and 1750?
answer
The linking of regions that had had no contact for many thousands of years generated a commercial and intellectual synergy that was to play a critical role in the emergence of the modern world.
question
When did the "Modern Era" begin?
answer
The modern era began in about 1750.
question
What political, social/gender, economic, and technological changes and continuities occurred in the modern era?
answer
Human populations have increased faster than ever before during the modern era. Food production has kept pace with population growth because of improved crop rotations, increased use of irrigation, widespread application of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, and the use of genetically modified crops. There was Innovations in transportation and communications. The growth of democracy and nationalism was examples that modern governments are more reluctant.
question
How has population growth in the modern era impacted the complexity and role of government?
answer
As populations have grown and interconnections between people have multiplied, more complex forms of regulation have become necessary, which is why the business of government has been revolutionized. People had to spend more effort in mobilizing and regulating the lives of those they rule.
question
In what ways was innovation in the modern era built on change that started in the Agrarian era?
answer
Modern nuclear weapons can destroy entire cities and millions of people, it effected society negatively.
question
How and why has the rise of commercial society increased innovation?
answer
Commercial society depends so much on the economic productivity of the societies they rule that modern governments have to be effective economic managers.
question
How did Western Europe fare in the Agrarian and Modern Eras? Why?
answer
The societies of western Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems of the agrarian era. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange.
question
What were the time periods and characteristics of the 3 waves of the industrial revolution?
answer
This Fleeting World treats the Industrial Revolution through a brief description of three waves of global industrial change.
question
What impact did 19th century industrialization have on the wealth and power of countries?
answer
The political revolutions that had recently taken place in Europe and the Americas. Industrialization enhanced the conditions on the wealth and power of countries. Wealth moved from the hands of the landed aristocracy to the hand of the middle-class engineers, managers and artisans.
question
How did industrialization change culture?
answer
Industrialization brought the world's many cultures into closer contact.
question
In what ways was the 20th century a time of rivalry?
answer
Expression of this rivalry as European nations tried to monopolize control of other parts of the world. Also, the spread of protectionism and a third was the emergence of a system of defensive alliances in Europe, which helped turn a crisis in the Balkans into a global war.
question
What changes to global relations and power occurred after WWII?
answer
The United States and the Soviet Union dominated global economic system. Each had its own allies and clients.
question
What impact has global consumerism had on the earth?
answer
Global consumerism stimulated economic growth in all the leading capitalist countries.
question
What is periodization?
answer
Periodization does violence to the complex reality of the past, and even the most conscientious attempts at dividing up the past involve some distortion.
question
What are some of the THEORETICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL, ETHICAL, and TECHNICAL problems of periodization in World History?
answer
Theoretical problem is that any chronological scheme highlights some aspects of the past and obscures others. The organizational problem is that whereas neighboring regions of states may evolve in closely related ways, societies separated by large distances may have little in common. The ethical problem is that it can so easily imply value judgements. Lastly, the technical problem is that many problems that arise from the presence of numerous different calendars.
question
Why are the periodization labels ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL, and MODERN problematic?
answer
The periodization increased productivity, inequality and exploitation. Periodization within this era reflects a loose consensus on some of the most important transitions within the modern era.
