Flashcards for Chapter 12 in Chemistry
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| What is atmosphere? |
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| the unit that is often used to report air pressure (atm) |
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| What is a barometer? |
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| Instrument used to measure atmoshperic pressure |
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| What is Dalton's law of partial pressure? |
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| States that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gaes in the mixture |
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| What is diffusion? |
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| the movement of one material through another from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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| What is effusion? |
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| related to diffusion- it is where gas escapes through a tiny opening |
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| What is elastic collision? |
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| Elastic collision is a collision between particles in which no kinetic energy is lost |
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| What is Graham's law of effusion? |
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| States that the rate of effusion for a gas is invertly proportional to the square root of its molar mass |
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| What is the kinetic molecular theory? |
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| Describes the behavior of matter interms of particles in motion |
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| What is a pascal? |
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| N/cm2 |
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| What is pressure? |
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| Force per unit area |
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| What is temperature? |
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| a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter |
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| What is a dipole-dipole force? |
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| Attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules and is stronger than dispersion forces |
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| What is a dispersion force? |
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| Weak force that results from temporary shifts in the density of electrons in electron clouds |
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| What is a hydrogen bond? |
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| a type of dipole-dipole attraction that occurs between molecules containing a hdrogen atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with at least one lone eletron pair |
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| What is an allotrope? |
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| an element thatesists in different forms at the same state |
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| What is an amorphous solid? |
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| a solid in which the particles aren't arranged in a regular repeating pattern |
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| What is a crystalline solid? |
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| Solid whose atoms/ions/molecules are arranged in a n orderly geometeric structure |
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| What is a surfactant? |
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| compound that lowers the surface tension of water |
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| What is surface tension? |
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| the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount; a measure of the inward pull by particles in the interior |
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| What is a unit cell? |
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| smallest arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice that has the same symmetry as the whole crystal |
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| What is viscosity? |
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| the measure of the resistance of a iquid to flow that is determined by the type of intermolecular forces in the liquid, the size and shape of the particles, and the temperature |
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| What is a boiling point? |
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| the temperature at whi9ch the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external/atmospheric pressure |
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| What is condensation? |
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| the process by which a gas/vapor becomes a liquid |
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| What is deposition? |
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| the process where a substance changes from a gas/vapor to a solid without first becoming a liquid |
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| What is evaporation? |
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| when vaporization occurs only at the surface of the liquid |
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| What is a freezing point? |
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| the temperature at which a liquid is converted into a crystalline solid |
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| What is a melting point? |
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| the temperature at which the forces holding its crystal lattice together are broken and it becomes a liquid |
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| What is a phase diagram? |
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| a graph of pressure vs. temperature that shows in which phase a substance exists under different condisions of temperature and pressure |
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| What is a triple point? |
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| the point at which 3 phases of a substance can coexist |
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| What is vaporization? |
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| the process by which a liquid changes to a gas or vapor |
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| What are the 2 types of vaporization? |
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| Evaporation and Boiling |
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| What is vapor pressure? |
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| the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid |
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| What is a critical point? |
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| the point that indicates the critical pressure and temperature which a substance can't exist as a liquid |
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| What are the basic assumptions proposed by the kinetic molecular theory? |
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| 1. Gases consist of small particles that are separated from one another by empty space 2. Gas particles are in constant motion and collisions between particles are elastic 3. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter |
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| What is the kinetic equation? |
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| KE=(1/2)mv2 this says the kineteic energy equals one half times mass times velocity squared |
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| What is Graham's law formula? |
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| What is a monometer? |
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| an instrument used to measure gas pressure in a closed conatiner |
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| What is pressure measured in when using a barometer?? |
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| mmHg (millimeter of mercury) |
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| what is the measurement of pressure named after the inventor of the barometer? |
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| Torre (this is the same as mmHg) |
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| What is the unit of pressure that is abbreviated Pa? |
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| Pascals |
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| What is the measurement of the average pressure of air at sea level (standard pressure) called? |
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| atmospheres (atm) |
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| What is temperature directly proportional with? |
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| kinetic energy |
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| What is the type of force that holds particles together in ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds called? |
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| Intramolecular force |
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| What is the force that holds together identical particles/ 2 different types of particles together? |
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| Intermolecular forces |
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| What is the shape of the molecule dependent on? |
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| the type of molecular force the molecule has |
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| The thicker the liquid, the higher the what? |
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| viscosity |
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| What is a molecular solid? |
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| a crystalline solid in which the molecules are held together by intermolecular forces |
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| What is a covalent network solid? |
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| a crystalline solid that is able to form multiple covalent bonds between molecules |
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| What is an ionic solid? |
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| a crystalline solid that is able to form ionic bonds with all other surounding ions |
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| What is a metallic solic? |
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| a crystalline solid in which a positive metal ion is surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons |
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| What are the 2 types of fluids? |
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| gases and liquids because they both flow |
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| What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? |
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| Cohesion describes the force of attraction between identical molecules and adhesion describes the force of attraction between different molecules |
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| What is melting? |
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| when a solid becomes a liquid because the forces holding the crystal lattice together are broken |
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| What is Sublimation? |
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| a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid |
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| What is freezing? |
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| when molecules lose kinetic energy and go from a liquid to a solid |
