Fitness/Wellness CH. 11 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
answer
disease of the heart and blood vessels
question
cardiovascular system
answer
the network of organs and vessels through which blood flows as it carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body
question
atria
answer
upper chambers, receive blood from the rest of the body
question
ventricles
answer
lower chambers, pump blood out again
question
arteries
answer
carry blood away from the heart; carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries
question
arterioles
answer
branches of the arteries
question
capillaries
answer
blood vessels that are branched from the arterioles; then walls for exchange of oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste products
question
veins and venules (small veins)
answer
carbon dioxide and other waste products are transported to the lungs and kidneys through veins
question
sinoatrial node (SA node)
answer
small bundle of highly specialized cells in the right atrium; serves as a natural pacemaker
question
sudden cardiac deaths
answer
an abrupt, profound loss of heart function (cardiac arrest) that causes death either instantly or shortly after symptoms occur
question
Atherosclerosis
answer
in this condition, fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin (a clotting material) build up in the inner lining of an artery
question
plaque
answer
the resulting build up caused by atherosclerosis
question
coronary artery disease (CAD)
answer
another name for atherosclerosis because of the damage to the body's main coronary arteries on the outer surface of the heart.
question
ischemia
answer
a condition where atherosclerosis and other circulatory impairments also often reduce blood flow and limit the hearts blood and oxygen supply
question
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
answer
when atherosclerosis occurs in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms
question
What factors are responsible for damage to vessels and health from CAD or PAD?
answer
inflammation, elevated levels of cholersterol and triglycerides in the blood, high blood pressure, heredity, and tobacco smoke
question
coronary heart disease (CHD)
answer
a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
question
myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack
answer
an area of the heart that suffers permanent damage because it normal blood supply had been blocked
question
coronary thrombosis (clot)
answer
an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks a coronary artery; causes a myocardial infarction
question
thrombus
answer
clot
question
embolus
answer
when a thrombus becomes dislodges and moves through the circulatory system
question
collateral circulation
answer
a form of self-preservation that allows an affected heart muscle to cope with damage
question
warning signs of a heart attack
answer
discomfort in the chest; pain in arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach; shortness of breath; cold sweat; nausea or indigestion; dizziness
question
stroke
answer
occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, killing brain cells, which have little capacity to heal or regenerate
question
ischemic
answer
strokes caused by plaque or a clot that reduces blood flow
question
hemorrhagic
answer
stroke due to bulging or rupture of a weakened blood vessel
question
aneurysm
answer
a weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and in severe cases burst
question
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
answer
brief interruptions of the brain's blood supply that cause temporary impairment
question
hypertension
answer
refers to sustained high blood pressure; higher blood pressure the greater risk of CVD
question
systolic pressure
answer
the pressure applied to the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts, pumping blood to the rest of the body; the first number
question
diastolic pressure
answer
the pressure applied to the walss of the arteries during the heart's relaxation phase, when the blood reenters the chambers of the heart in preparation of the next heartbeat; the second number
question
isolated systolic pressure (ISH)
answer
when only systolic pressure is high
question
angina pectoris
answer
a condition caused by reduced oxygen flow to the heart
question
nitroglycerin
answer
a drug used to relax (dilate) veins, reducing the amount of blood returning to the heart and so lessening its work load
question
calcium channel blockers
answer
prevent calcium atoms form passing through the arteries and causing the contractions
question
beta blockers
answer
control potential over activity of the heart muscle
question
arrhythmia
answer
an irregularity in heart rhythm that may result in dizziness; fainting; or heart fluttering, palpitations, or racing
question
tachycardia
answer
abnormally fast heartbeat in the absence of exercise or anxiety
question
fibrillation
answer
a heart that beats in sporadic pattern that causes extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
question
congestive heart failure (CHF)
answer
when the heart muscle is damages or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body
question
diuretics (water pills)
answer
relive fluid accumulation
question
digitalis
answer
drug that increase the heart's pumping action
question
vasodilators
answer
drugs that expand blood vessels and decrease resistance, making the heart's work easier
question
congenital cardiovascular defect
answer
cardiovascular problem that is present at birth
question
murmurs
answer
low pitched sounds caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart causes by valve irregularities
question
Rheumatic heart disease
answer
a heart disease caused by untreated streptococcal infection of the throat
question
cardiometabolic risks
answer
refers to the combined risks, which indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to these major disease
question
metabolic syndrome (MetS)
answer
a group of metabolic conditions occuring together that increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
question
low-density lipoprotien (LDL)
answer
bad cholesterol; build up on artery walls
question
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
answer
good cholesterol; removes build up in artery walls
question
triglycerides
answer
when you consume calories, the body converts any extra to triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells to provide energy
question
plant sterols
answer
essential components of plant membranes that, when consumed in the diet, appear to help lower cholesterol levels
question
nonmodifiable risks of CVD
answer
ethnicity, heredity, age, gender
question
electrocardiogram (ECG)
answer
is a record of the heart's electrical activity
question
stress test
answer
exercise on a stationary bike or treadmill with an electrocardiogram
question
nuclear stress test
answer
involves injecting a radioactive dye and taking images of the heart to reveal blood flow problems
question
angiography (cardia catherization)
answer
a thin tube called a catheter is threaded through heart arteries, dye injected, and an X ray taken to identify blocked areas
question
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
answer
produces 3D images of the heart as blood flows through it
question
coronary bypass surgery
answer
a surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
question
angioplasty
answer
a catheter is threaded through blocked heart arteries. the catheter has a balloon at the tip, which inflated to flatten fatty deposits against arterial walls, allowing blood to flow more freely
question
stent
answer
a steel mesh tube inserted to prop open the artery
question
thrombolysis
answer
injection of an agent to dissolve clots and restore some blood flow, thereby reducing the amount of tissuse that dies form ischemia
question
cancer
answer
name of a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
question
neoplasm
answer
a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function
question
tumor
answer
neoplasmic mass forms a clump of cells
question
malignant
answer
cancerous
question
benign
answer
noncanerous
question
biopsy
answer
microscopic examination of cell development
question
metastasis
answer
process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
question
mutant cells
answer
differ in form, quality, and function from normal cells; caused by the disturbance of substances which control cellular metabolism and reproduction
question
cancer: carcinomas
answer
cancers occurring in the epithelial tissue
question
cancer: sarcomas
answer
occur in mesodermal, or middle layers of tissue- bones, muscles, and general connective tissue
question
cancer: lymphomas
answer
develop in the lymphatic system- the infection fighting regions of the body ex. hodgkin's disease
question
cancer: leukemias
answer
cancer of the blood forming parts of the body, particularly the bone marrow and spleen
question
risk factors for cancer
answer
Lifestyle Risks for cancer: tobacco use, alcohol, poor nutrition or phyical inactivity, stress and psychosocial Genetic and Physiological risks: oncognes, reproductive and hormonal factors Occupational and Environmental risks: carcinogens, radiation, chemicals in food Infectious Disease Risks: chronic hepatitis B,C- liver cancer; HPV-cervical cancer; helicobacter pylori-stomach cancer Medical Factors
question
oncogenes
answer
suspected cancer-causing genes present on chromosomes
question
carcinogens
answer
cancer causing agents
question
Malignant melanoma
answer
a virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment producing cells) of the skin
question
Asymmetry
answer
one half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half
question
border irregularity
answer
the edges are uneven, notched, or scalloped
question
color
answer
pigmentation is not uniform. Melanomas vary in color from tan to deeper brown, reddish black, black, or deep bluish black
question
diameter
answer
diameter is greater than 6 millimeters
question
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
answer
an antigen found in prostate cancer patients
question
pap test
answer
a procedure in which cells taken form the cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity
