Final Exam HUM 2210 – Flashcards
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What was the biggest threat to the Roman Empire as early as the first century B.C.E.?
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The germanic tribes
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What was the group who was responsible for the infamous sack of Rome in which much of the ancient city was destroyed?
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The vandals
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What is the bond of loyalty between chieftain and his warriors called?
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Fealty
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What was the first monumental literary composition in a European vernacular language?
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Beowulf
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Who was the Frankish chieftain responsible for reunifying the fallen Roman Empire under Christian leadership?
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Charlemagne
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During the era of the reunification of the Roman Empire, what was the only country of European occupation claimed by the Islamic peoples?
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Spain
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What was the system of military and political organization known as feudalism centered around?
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Descendants of dukes and counts appointed by Charles the great
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What is the quintessential lyrical representation of the fighting nobility in the feudal age?
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The song of Roland
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What group did the Normans trace their direct ancestry to?
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Vikings
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How is grace bestowed within the Christian faith?
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Seven Sacraments
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Extreme unction is another name given for what physical action?
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Final absolution before death
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What is the intermediate step between Heaven and Hell as defined by the medieval church?
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Purgatory
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Who was Hildegard of Bingen?
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was abbess of a Benedictine convent, was a scholar of Latin and German, and wrote visionary texts and a wealth of diverse academic literature
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What is Pope Innocent III's On the Misery of the Human Condition considered?
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Greatest of medieval sermons
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What are the three types of medieval drama?
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Mystery, miracle and morality Plays
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What literary type is that of Dante's Divine Comedy?
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Epic poem
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According to Dante, what is the most foul of all sin?
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Treachery
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Which city was the intellectual melting pot of the medieval West?
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Paris
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What is the Augustinian credo regarding inquiry?
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Faith precedes reason
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What philosopher's writing was safeguarded throughout the Middle Ages by Arab scholars and caused great intellectual challenges in the West once released?
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Aristotle
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Who was the scholar whose Yes and No sought to balance multiple point s of view in synthesizing a most-correct answer in terms of religious dogma?
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Peter Abelard
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Who is considered the greatest so-called Scholastics, a Dominican theologian and teacher, and author of the major treatise Summa Theologica?
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Thomas Aquinas
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What was the first of the mendicant orders created at the Fourth Lateran Council?
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Franciscans
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What was the dominant political, religious, and cultural force of the European Middle Ages?
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The Catholic Church
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In which French city did the Benedictine abbey become a model for the revised and energized monastic tradition in the medieval West?
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Cluny
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What was the purpose of a reliquary?
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Ornamental housing for important religious artifacts
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What new style did the medieval architects' return to cut stone (in the ancient Roman method) for vaulting in their expanded churches introduced new style?
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Romanesque
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In which part of the medieval church was the dividing point between an earthly city and the realm of God clearly illustrated?
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Entrance portal
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Where did the style of Gothic architecture begin?
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France
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The Gothic cathedral was firstly a church, but it also acted as the official administrative seat of what?
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Bishop
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What is the principal intercessor between God and the Christian believer, traditionally?
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The Virgin Mary
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Where was the flying buttress architectural feature first employed at?
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Notre Dame
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What was the crowning example of the Gothic period in Europe?
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Saint Chapelle, Paris
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What were musical developments during the Early Middle Ages almost exclusively the products of?
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What were musical developments during the Early Middle Ages almost exclusively the products of?
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What is Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo virtutum known as in Western history?
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Morality play
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What are the correct events in Indian history that approximate the events of the Western Middle Ages in Europe?
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End of the Gupta dynasty to the Mongol invasion of India
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What features describe Hinduism?
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Belief in Atman and Brahman, belief in gods and goddesses, belief in the Trinity, literature, complex rituals, belief in cynical cycle of creation, belief in Mother Goddess, belief in karma and rebirth, and belief in liberation
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According to the text, how can one achieve a direct interpersonal contact with the Hindu godhead?
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Gazing steadily at a visual representation
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What are the members of the Hindu "trinity" as described in the text?
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Brahman, Vishnu, and Shiva
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What is the poetic language of ancient India is called?
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Sanskrit
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What was the architectural ideal of the early Buddhist and Hindu temples to represent?
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The sacred mountains
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Who was the famous Venetian merchant who visited China in the thirteenth century?
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Marco Polo
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Under the rule of which emperors from 618 C.E. to 907 C.E. did China experienced a flowering of culture that was unmatched anywhere in the world?
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Tang
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What has been the main route to official status in China throughout its long history?
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Imperial examination system
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The death of Charles IV of France in 1328 ended the Capet line of monarchs and opened up claims to the French throne by what group?
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The English
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What was the war that began as squabbling over the throne of Charles IV?
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The Hundred Years War
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The relocation of the papacy from Rome to what city is generally recognized as the beginning of the Great Schism?
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Avignon
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What is the act of selling church leadership positions to the highest bidder regardless of qualifications called?
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Simony
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What city produced the "third" pope at a 1409 ecumenical council designed to heal the Great Schism?
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Pisa
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Where did the Black Death originate?
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China/Central Asia
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What specific part of the human anatomy did the Black Death affect?
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the black death affected mostly the central part of the body and the skin which formed lesions on it
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In Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, where are the travelers going?
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Canterbury
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Who is considered the world's first feminist writer?
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Christine De Pisan
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Which city was the Renaissance born in?
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Florence, Italy
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Cultural and political leadership for the early Renaissance was under the auspices of which family?
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The Medici family (rich banking family)
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What event caused a climate of intellectual skepticism in middle-class men and women of the era?
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the great schism of the catholic church
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What is the artistic and intellectual movement to recover, edit, and study ancient Greek and Latin manuscripts called?
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Classical Humanism
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Who is the father of the new movement to recover, edit, and study ancient Greek and Latin manuscripts generally regarded to be?
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Francesco Petrarch
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Who stressed the importance of Classical education and hard work in the cultivation of virtù?
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Leon Battista Alberti
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Who applied his vast study of ancient literature to defend free will and the unlimited potential of the individual?
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Mirandola
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Who established the then-modern educational ideal in the person of l'uomo univerale (the well-rounded individual)?
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Castiglione
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Who is the Venetian writer famous for her written retort to a contemporary diatribe promoting the defects of women in The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects Vices of Men?
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Marinella
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What is the central theme in Machiavelli's The Prince?
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central theme is the unification of italy through strong leadership was the only way
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What are the approximate years of the Renaissance?
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1300-1600
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What does the word "renaissance" literally mean?
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Rebirth
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In the commercial cities of Italy and the Netherlands, the arts became tangible expressions of increased what?
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financial status
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What were Renaissance artists disciples of?
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Nature
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Who was the first freestanding life-sized sculpture of a human since antiquity created by?
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Donatello
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Who painted The Birth of Venus sometime after 1482?
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Sando Butivelli
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Who was responsible for the colossal and innovative dome on the cathedral (il Duomo) in Florence, Italy?
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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Who was an early master of the new Renaissance technique of linear perspective, who died young but left many innovative church frescos in Florence?
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Masaccio
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Who was the quintessential artist-scientist, who tried to reconcile empirical experience with abstract principles of design?
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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In 1510, Pope Julius II commissioned which artist to execute a series of frescoes for the Vatican Stanza Della Segnatura, including The School of Athens?
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Raphael
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Who was the Venetian architect celebrated for having resuscitated the Classical ideals of symmetry and centrality in numerous buildings and villas throughout Northern Italy?
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Palladio
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Who helped to popularize the madrigal and other vernacular song forms?
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printed sheet music
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What was the period of the greatest age of trans-Eurasian travel since the days of the Roman Empire?
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1400-1600
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European exploration was motivated by the fall of which city in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks, who now dominated overland trade routes to the East?
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Constantinople
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Who produced maps and charts that exceeded the accuracy of those drafted by Classical and Muslim cartographers?
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Prince Henry
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By 1498, who had navigated around Southern Africa to establish Portuguese trading posts in India?
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Vasco de Gama
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Christopher Columbus, an Italian, who sailed west in search of an all-water route to China was employed by which country?
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Spain
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What were two features that distinguish the history of the vast African continent?
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Animism and Communal Organization
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Which African empire did not come under the influence of Muslim culture?
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Benin
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What system does the great body of African literature emerge out of?
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An oral tradition
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Inseparable from the rituals for which they were made, African masks function as transformative objects that work to do what?
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Channel Spiritual Energy
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The fourteenth-century travels of which scholar document a cross-cultural encounter between peoples of vastly different customs and beliefs?
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Ibn Battuta
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By the year 1500, who controlled the flow of both gold and slaves to Europe?
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Portugal
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What are the rich outputs of the native populations of the Northwest?
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Textiles, ceramics, baskets, metalwork, and Kachina images, and the main resources were silver and gold
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What was the last of the Native American empires, who was centered in Mexico at their capital of Tenochitlán?
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Aztecs
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What was the first of the great Meso-American empires, who built civic centers with stone temples, palaces, and ball courts?
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Maya
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At their height in the late fifteenth century, who ruled a Peruvian empire of some sixteen million people? They left monumental architecture, textiles, and ritual objects in silver and gold.
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Incas
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What was the technological innovation that spurred the Protestant Reformation?
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Printing press
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The devotio moderna movement first took root in which country?
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Netherlands
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Who was the leading Christian humanist of his day, who led the critical study of the Bible and writings of the church fathers?
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Erasmus
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Who was the voice of the Protestant Reformation?
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Martin Luther
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What was the 1517 call for Church reform posted on the Wittenberg Cathedral's door titled?
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The Ninety-Five Theses (95 theses)
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German princes either held fast in their allegiance to Rome, or banded together under the name of what?
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Lutherans
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Who was a Zurich-based radical wing of Protestantism called who rejected all seven of the Catholic sacraments, turning instead to individual acceptance of God?
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The Anabaptist
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Who was a Geneva-based Protestant sect named who emphasized the predestined nature of humanity from birth for salvation or damnation?
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Calvinist
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In 1526, Henry VIII declared himself head of which organization?
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Anglicans
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The founder of Protestantism favored above all others what type of music?
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The Chorale
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Who was the pioneer of Northern Realism in painting the Flemish artist?
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Jan Van Ecyk
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The literary genre of the novel was first created in Japan; what is considered the first Western novel?
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Don Quixote
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What was the most powerful form of literary expression to evolve in the late sixteenth century?
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Secular drama
