Final Exam BIO205 Spring 2010 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Ch1: Contributions of Antoni van Leewenhoek |
| Created the simple microscope and did 50 years of noting. Discovered protozoa in 1674 and bacteria in 1676. |
| Ch 1: Contributions of Louis Pasteur |
| Known as the "Father of Microbiolody". Ended the theory of spontaneous generation. Created pasteurization process for his vineyard. |
| Ch1: Contributions of Robert Koch |
| In 1800's he worked to stop an outbreak of anthrax.; Allowed specimens to multiply and create colonies, staining, petridishes, aseptic lab techniques,;designed lab;tools and media, and elucidation of bacteria as distinct species. |
| Ch 1: Contributions of Ignaz Semmelwise |
| Initiated hand washing in 1848 in Vienna, Italy then in Hungary.; He unsuccessfully tried to get it to catch on in Europe. |
| Ch 1: Contributions of Edward Jenner |
| In 1789 used cowpox to eliminate smallpox in a young boy effectively creating the first vaccine/immunization. |
| Ch 1: Contributions of Alexander Fleming |
| Responsible for pharmaceutical microbiology.;;1929 provided Penicillin. |
| Ch 1: Definition of abiogenesis/spontaneous generation. |
| The appearance of animals in a lakebed/or controlled environment;that were not previously there.;(Was challenged in the 17th century.) |
| Ch 1: Definition of germ theory of disease. |
| Microorganisms are responsible for diseases, caused by a specific germ/pathogen. |
| Ch 1: Definition of Koch's postulates |
| A series of steps to take to prove the cause of an infectious disease. |
| Ch 1: Definition of Recombinant DNA. |
| Genetic engineering or manipulation of genes using two sources of DNA and combining them into one new gene. |
| Ch 1: Definition of Gene Therapy. |
| Either inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective gene in human cells. |
| Ch 1: Definition of Bioremediation |
| Use of living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments. |
| Ch 3: Compare the structural differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
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| Ch 3: Describe function and structure of glycocalyx |
| Function: a gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell. Protects cell from drying, attaches to surfaces, inhibits phagocytosis. Structure: the glycocalyx of a prokaryote is composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface, the glycocalyx is called a capsule. A loose, water-soluble glycocalyx is called a slime layer. |
| Ch 3: Describe function and structure of flagella |
| Structure: Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: a long, thin filament, a hook, and a basal body. Function: Bacteria move with a series of “runs” punctuated by “tumbles.” Counterclockwise flagellar rotation produces runs, which are movements of a cell in a single direction for some time. If more than one flagellum is present, the flagella align and rotate together as a unit. Tumbles are abrupt, random, changes in direction resulting from clockwise flagellar rotation. Both runs and tumbles occur in response to stimuli. |
| Ch 3: Describe the function and structure of pili |
| Structure: tubules composed of a protein called pilin. Pili are longer than fimbriae, but usually shorter than flagella. Typically only one to ten pili are present per cell in bacteria that have them. Function: bacteria use pili to move across a substrate or toward another bacterium via a process that appears to be similar to the use of a grappling hook. The bacterium extrudes a pilus, which attaches to the substrate or to another bacterium, then the bacterium retracts the pilus, pulling itself toward the attachment point. |
| Ch 3: Describe the function and structure of fimbria (fimbriae) |
| Function: Gram-negative bacteria use fimbria–sticky, proteinaceous, bristlelike projections–to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment. Biofilms, slimy masses of bacteria adhering to a substrate by means of fimbriae and glycocalyces. |
| Ch 3: Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. |
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| Ch 3: State the function of the cell wall. |
| In most cells, structural boundary composed of polysaccharide or protein chains that provides shape and support against osmotic pressure. |
| Ch 3: Describe the function and structure of the plasma membrane. |
| Selective permeability, regulates momvement of substances in and out of cells, utilizes ATP production. |
| Ch 3: Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. |
Isotonic: Characteristic of a solution having the same concentration of solutes and water as another. Hypotonic: Characteristic of a solution having a lower concentration of solutes than another. Hypertonic: Characteristic of a solution having a higher concentration of solutes than another. |
| Ch 3: Identify the functions of the ribosomes, plasmids, chromosomal DNA. |
Ribosomes: Nonmembranous organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA and functions to make polypeptides. Plasmids: A small, circular molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Each carries genes for its own replication and often for one or more nonessential functions such as resistance to antibiotics. Chromosomal DNA: The genetic information needed to function or survive, located in the nucleoid region. |
| Ch 3: Describe the function of sporulation and germination. |
Sporulation: a cell creates a spore with a protective coat that can survive long periods until more nutrients are provided then it will germinate. Germination: a return to the vegetative state, when a spore develops back into an active cell. (Bacillus and Clostridium) |
| Ch 4: Differentiate between the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya |
In Woese’s taxonomy: Archaea: domain which includes all prokaryotic cells having archaeal rRNA sequences. Bacteria: domain which includes all prokaryotic cells having bacterial rRNA sequences. Eukarya: domain which includes all eukaryotic cells. |
| Ch 4: List in order the taxonomic hierarch of all living organisms. |
| Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Ch 4: Explain binomial nomenclature and use it correctly. |
| Capitalize genus and provide species in lower case and italicized or underline. (ex: Mycoplasma pneumoniae) |
| Ch 5: Define metabolism |
| The sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism. |
| Ch 5: Define metabolic pathway |
| A sequence of chemical reactions in a cell in which the end product becomes the substrate for the next reaction (enzymatically catalyzed). |
| Ch 5: Define anabolism |
| All of the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together. |
| Ch 5: Define catabolism |
| All of the decomposition reactions in an organism taken together. |
| Ch 5: Define substrate |
| The molecule upon which an enzyme acts. |
| Ch 5: Define enzyme |
| An organic catalyst. |
| Ch 5: Define end product |
| After a metabolic process is completed the product that is produced. Each level of the process produces an end-product. This end-product can either assist in producing another product or inhibit the next process. |
| Ch 5: List the factors that influence the enzymatic activity. |
| Temperature, pH, amount of enzyme vs. amount of substrate concentrations, and presence of inhibitors |
| Ch 5: Summarize the four steps in aerobic respiration in prokaryotes including the substrates, end products, and the total number of ATP generated at the end. |
1) Glycolysis - uses glucose as substrate, the end product is 2 pyruvic acids (net 2 ATPs) 2) Preperatory - uses pyruvic acid, 2 Acetyl Co-A (0 ATP) 3) Krebs Cycle - uses Acetyl Co-A, e- (2 ATPs) 4) e- transport system - uses e-, oxygen and water (34 ATPs) =total of 38 ATPs |
| Ch 5: Summarize the two steps in fermentation including the substrates, ATP produced and possible end products. |
1) Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid as an end product (2 ATPs) 2) Conversion/transition produces a variety of end products - lactic acid (organic), acetic acid (vinegar) or CO2, ethanol (inorganic) (0 ATP) =total of 2 ATP only |
| Ch 5: Explain how microbial metabolism is used to identify the microbes in the laboratory. |
| Look for fermentation of pyruvic acid and evaluate the end products to determine which organism was fermented. (Test the presence of enzymes and detect the end product of metabolic pathways.) |
| Ch 6: Classify microbes into four groups on the basis of their preferred temperature range. |
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| Ch 6: Define acidophile |
| Microorganism requiring acidic pH. |
| Ch 6: Define alkalinophile |
| Microorganism requiring alkaline pH environments. |
| Ch 6: Define halophile |
| Microorganism requiring a saline environment (greater than 9% NaCl). |
| Ch 6: Define capnophile |
| Microorganism that grows best with high levels of carbon dioxide in addition to low levels of oxygen. |
| Ch 6: Define growth factors |
| Organic chemical such as a vitamin required in very small amounts for metabolism. In immunology, an immune system cytokine that stimulates stem cells to divide, ensuring that the body is supplied with sufficient leukocytes of all types. |
| Ch 6: Explain the classification of microbes on the basis of oxygen requirements. |
Aerobes: An organism that uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Anaerobes: An organism that cannot tolerate oxygen. Aerotolerant anerobes: Microorganism which prefers anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen. |
| Ch 6: State the purpose of the following types of media: agar, basic nutrient, enrichment, selective, differential, reducing and transport. |
Agar: Gel-like polysaccharide isolated from red algae and used as thickening agent. Basic nutrient: So bacterium can grow Enrichment: Adds enrichment to encourage desired microbes to grow (ex. blood, growth factors, serum) Selective: Suppresses unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes to grow. (ex. salt, dye, alcohol) Differential: Culturing medium formulated such that either the presence of visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearances of colonies helps microbiologists differentiate among different kinds of bacteria growing on the medium. Reducing: Contains chemical (thiogly collate) that combine oxygen used for anaerobic cultures. Transport: maintain and preserve microbes, includes atmospheric buffers, prevents drying (just to transport not grow) |
