Feldman 1-6 – Flashcards
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Cognitive developmentalists study
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Memory, learning and language ability
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In child development, continuous change is ___ whereas discontinuous change is ___
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Quantitative, Qualitative
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Puberty and menopause are examples of ___influences on a particular cohort
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age-graded
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There is a general consensus among theorists that human development
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is an ongoing process
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From the perspective of developmentalists, maturation is a ___ process
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genetic
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What is the generally accepted age range for middle childhood?
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6 to 12
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What portion of the genetic makeup of all humans is identical?
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99.9%
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Child development researchers study the interaction of ___ and ___how it impacts behavior
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biology;environment
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Theo's parents were a respected neurosurgeon and a famous sculptor. Both had substance abuse problems that led to chaos and conflict in the home. Theo had a high IQ and attended top schools, but never was more than an average student. Which statement best describes this scenario?
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Both nature and nurture impact a child's development
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What is another adjective to describe a sensitive period of development?
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optimal
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Alan is conducting a study of children who have recently immigrated to America. He is particularly interested in their ability to form friendships at school. Alan's work is focused on
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Social development
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Justine and her three friends on the street are all starting first grade today. This little cohort of giggling girls is experiencing ___ that will affect their development
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age-graded influences
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Which of the following questions would NOT be used by a cognitive developmental researcher?
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What portion of the brain governs mood?
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___ development is focused on the ways in which enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over a lifetime
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personality
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Continuous developmental changes are
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quantitative
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Shyness in a child can be troubling, but it can often be overcome with focus, practice, or a change in environment. This ability to modify behavioral characteristics is called
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Plasticity
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Jack remembers when his daughter Dina loved to play outside with the boys and didn't mind having grass stains on her clothes. But in the year since she started middle school, Dina prefers nice clothes and the mall to the old neighborhood fort. Dina's behavior is an example of
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INCORRECT ANSWER= normative age-related change
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Developmentalists generally believe that
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all development falls on a continuum between absolutes
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Marta has noticed that her three year old son Kurt has recently shifted from playing with toys by himself or alongside another child to engaging in fully interactive play with other children. Kurt's behavior is an example of
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discontinuous change
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Wei-Lin's friends in fourth grade can't understand why she is always inside studying and has to go to Chinese school on Saturdays. Wei-Lin likes to play with her friends, but she and her brother have been taught to honor their parents' wishes. This is an example of the impact of ___ on child development
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ethnic culture
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Which of the following questions would NOT be asked by a researcher focusing on cognitive development?
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What are the consequences of premature birth?
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The ___ to development emphasizes growth and change from conception through old age
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life span approach
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From a developmental perspective, maturation is guided by
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genetic information
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The process of child development
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is quite similar for everyone
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Which of the following is an environmental impact on the timeframe for reaching a developmental milestone?
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a girl's religion forbidding dating until age 18
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Which of the following questions would be used by a researcher studying social development?
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How is a child affected by peer group rejection?
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__ is a term that reflects a group's cultural background, religion and language
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Ethnicity
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Which of the following is a biological component of an environmental influence on development?
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Maternal drug use during pregnancy
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__ involves the scientific study of patterns of growth, change and stability from conception through adolescence
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Child development
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Because development missed in a sensitive period can be "made up" later, another adjective for this timeframe could be
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optimal
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Which of the following is NOT considered a cohort?
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an adult ESL class for recent immigrants to chicago
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A child's ability to "make up" for missed development during a sensitive period is partly due to
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plasticity
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Which area of child development could most easily be observed visually?
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physical development
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What distinguishes Locke's view of children as a tabula rasa from Rousseau's view of children as noble savages?
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Locke believed children had no inherent characteristics
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Plasticity is the degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is
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modifiable
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___ believed children were born tabula rasa, or blank slate
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Locke
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Yuri's third grade class is sitting for a series of exams to determine each child's IQ. The children are benefitting from the pioneering work of
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Binet
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The first person to suggest that children develop in stages was
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Ukrainian children who had to be relocated from their homes due to the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster experienced a ___ on their development
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history-graded influence
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Which of the following is an example of a self-created non-normative life event?
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a high school junior being invited to read her essay at the 9/11 memorial
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Which of the following statements accurately describes Piaget's developmental perspective?
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Children revise their perspectives during four life stages.
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Peter is interested in learning what causes children's self-esteem to decline in middle school. What is the best approach for him to use?
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INNCORRECT ANSWER naturalistic observation
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Children are often able to gain information about appropriate behaviors by merely watching those around them. This is known as
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modeling.
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Tolani's school is implementing a program to fight obesity. Tolani knows his being overweight isn't healthy, but at the same time it is appreciated in his Samoan culture. Which theorist would consider this factor's influence on Tolani's weight problem?
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Bronfenbrenner
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A cross-sectional study
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conducts one research activity with several cohorts.
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Sixth graders Yazmin and Carlton wonder if plants grow larger when fed with caffeine. They state that a plant will grow twice as big when fed cola instead of water. They set two plants by the window, give water to one and cola to the other every day, and get ready to take measurements. Yazmin and Carlton are employing
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the scientific method.
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What is a key principle of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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reciprocity
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________________ research compares characteristics of people of different ages at the same point in time.
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Cross-sectional
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Which of the following is a drawback to conducting a longitudinal study?
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participants becoming "test wise" high chance of participant withdrawal extended period of observation and testing *all of the above
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_______________ is a critical difference between social learning theory and classical and operant conditioning theories.
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INNCORRECT ANSWER The type of stimulus
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What type of research uses high-tech devices to obtain data?
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psychophysiological
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_____________ studies the effects of heredity on behavior and is one of the fastest growing areas of human development research.
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INNCORRECT ANSWER Ethology
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Who is not a proponent of the behavioral perspective of development?
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Erikson Skinner, Bandura and Watson ARE
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In a correlational study of snack food consumption and weight gain or loss, what other variable will likely need to be kept constant to obtain accurate results?
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the participants' activity level
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DeShawn is working on his dissertation about the effectiveness of teen suicide prevention programs. There are many different types of programs, including peer groups, teacher-led groups, and community-based efforts. Since he cannot conduct research on each type, DeShawn will prepare a ____________ for his dissertation.
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meta-analysis
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Which theory emphasizes the impact of an "endless loop" of interaction between a child and her environment?
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WRONG bioecological theory
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Posing and answering questions using systematic techniques to observe and collect data is known as
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the scientific method.
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What is a key component of the behavioral perspective?
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WRONG information processing
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Corinne and Marcus are researching how different rewards affect children's motivation for completing homework. Corinne's study results yield a correlation coefficient of +0.70. Marcus's research provides a correlation coefficient of +0.30. Based on these outcomes, which of the following statements is true?
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The rewards in Corinne's research are more strongly correlated to the children's motivation
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What is the most difficult theory of development to verify through research?
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psychodynamic
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In the 1960s, most women stayed home to focus on raising their children. Today, most women work outside the home. This shift has altered the development of children over the past 50 years and is an example of Bronfenbrenner's ____________.
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WRONG mesosystem
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Laurent was excited to participate in a research experiment on the link between violent video games and heart rate. He couldn't wait to play some games, especially if he could shoot down aliens. But Laurent was disappointed; he spent two hours playing Ms. Pac-Man. What is the likely reason for Laurent's research experience?
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He was in the control group.
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According to Freud, which aspect of personality does not develop until age 5 or 6?
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the superego
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Predictions that developmental psychology researchers can test are called
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hypotheses.
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The ______________ perspective of development examines the relationship between people and the various spheres in which they operate
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WRONG cognitive
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Which of the following is an example of multifactorial transmission?
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a boy inherits a shy temperament and is raised by an overprotective mom 63
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How do genotype and phenotype differ?
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genotype characteristics are not visible; phenotype characteristics are visible 55
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Which of the following will produce the highest correlation coefficient for IQ scores?
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identical twins raised apart 66
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Janelle is just beginning to feel some weird flutterings inside that lets her know she's pregnant. How far along is she in the prenatal period?
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4 months 73
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Jason and Malika have been trying to conceive for two years. Their doctor has suggested Malika begin taking fertility treatments. The couple is concerned, as this can increase the likelihood of
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multiple births 53
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Lee's mother has curly hair and his father has straight hair. Lee carries genes for both hair types, but if his hair is curly, then straight hair is ____________ in Lee. a phenotype
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a recessive trait 54
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Carmen and Ellie met in the maternity ward. Their new sons were loud and cranky. They knew about temperament and worried about rough times ahead. When they met for coffee months later, Carmen said her son was calm and happy. Ellie was surprised, because her baby was as fussy as ever. What is the likely reason for the difference in behavior?
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differing home environments 64
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Brenda's baby suffered from low birth weight. This condition was likely caused by _______ during prenatal development.
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teratogens 75
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The ____________ serves as a filter and conduit between the mother and fetus
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placenta 71
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What disorder is caused by a woman drinking substantial amounts of alcohol while pregnant?
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fetal alcohol syndrome 79
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What is an important method used to compare the influence of nature vs. nurture in human development?
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twin studies 64
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What is the shortest prenatal stage?
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germinal 71
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Which of the following is not an example of prenatal testing
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in vitro fertilization 60
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Which chromosomal combination indicates a male?
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XY 53
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_______ are born at the same time from separate ovum-sperm combinations
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Dizygotic twins 53
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During human conception, the male and female reproductive cells fuse to become one cell called
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a zygote 52
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Two months after conception, the head accounts for _________ of the total body size.
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50% 72
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Six-month-old Ethan startles easily and is difficult to soothe when he gets upset. He has been this way since birth; these are characteristics of Ethan's
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temperament. 63
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A person who inherits genes for blue eyes from both parents is considered ___________ for that physical trait.
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homozygous 55
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An egg always contains an X chromosome, but a sperm contains either an X or a Y, which determines
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the sex of the organism. 53
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Which of the following genotypes is more easily affected by environment?
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weight 63
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How are a person's chromosomes organized?
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in pairs of 23 23
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The nature and characteristic of every bodily cell is determined by
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the position of genes on the chromosomes 52
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Some people have a few freckles sprinkled across their nose, some have a moderate number, and some have freckles everywhere. This is an example of the ___________ for the gene controlling this trait.
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reaction range 55
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As a woman gets older the correlation with having a miscarriage
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approaches +1.0. 74
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Significant growth of major organs and body systems occurs during
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the embryonic stage. 71
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In addition to prenatal testing for potential diseases, recent technology can now predict the occurrence of more than ______ genetic disorders in adults.
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WRONG 50 PG 62
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___ are born at the same time from separate ovum-sperm combinations.
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Dizygotic twins 53
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A(n) _____ is a chart that shows enlarged photos of each chromosome to enable doctors to inspect them for damage.
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karyotype 59
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What are ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm?
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layers of the human embryo 71
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When Joan sees her pregnant daughter Kim craving a beer on a hot day, she says to relax and have one. When she had Kim in the 1960s, all the pregnant women drank and smoked and their kids turned out fine. Kim rolls her eyes, knowing doctors weren't aware of the effects of ___________________ back then.
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cigarette smoke fetal alcohol syndrome teratogens Correct answer all of the above 75
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Martin is from the Czech Republic and has Jewish ancestry. Before he and his wife try to have a baby, he wants to take a genetic test to see if he carries the gene for _________, which is common given his background.
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WRONG sickle-cell disease 58
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A very short time after Charlene got pregnant, a small cluster of cells split off from the fertilized ovum in her womb. This means Charlene will have
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WRONG dizygotic twins. 53
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Gina has always been a thoughtful, sensitive child who seemed to take special joy in beautiful things. Instead of a playroom filled with toys, her parents created an arts and crafts room for her—where Gina is content to create for hours. This an example of
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WRONG child-centered parenting. ALSO WRONG the environment influencing genetics. 70
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Which of the following correctly lists the pairs in ascending degree of genetic similarity?
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non-twin siblings, dizygotic different-sex twins, dizygotic same-sex twins, monozygotic twins 66
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Identical twins will exhibit the least similarity for which of the following?
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WRONG age at initial signs of gray hair ALSO WRONG life span weight gain 65
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Despite growing concern over genetic disorders due to the availability of new scientific knowledge and tests, over ______ of children born in the United States are healthy and normal.
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95%
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Which of the following is not true of fraternal twins?
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They are always the same gender. 66
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On a graph comparing the following four issues to the increase in a woman's age, which line will show a downward trend?
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WRONG potential for fetal chromosomal abnormality 74
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As many as 100,000 neurons are produced every minute during the second month of prenatal development. This is evidenced by
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the head accounting for 50% of the fetus's size. 72
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Few biological traits are caused by a single gene; most are a result of
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polygenic inheritance.
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The rise in maternal age over the past twenty years has resulted in an increase in
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WRONG the number of boys born.
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Monozygotic twins
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have identical genetic sequences. develop from the same ovum. differ only in response to their environment. all of the above
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Carolyn is 35 weeks pregnant. With only a few more weeks to go, she is not worried about harming the fetus so she is having a glass of wine. However there is still cause for concern, as development is still taking place in the
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central nervous system. external genitalia. eyes. all of the above
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Most formation and fine tuning of the brain occur during the _____ stage.
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fetal
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The incidence of three or more children per birth has ___________ over the past 30 years
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increased dramatically
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In which infertility treatment does fertilization take place inside the woman's body?
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artificial insemination
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What process accounts for the replication of most types of human cells?
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mitosis
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A couple is diagnosed as having problems with infertility after ______ of unsuccessful attempts to become pregnant.
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12 to 18 months
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Martin is from the Czech Republic and has Jewish ancestry. Before he and his wife try to have a baby, he wants to take a genetic test to see if he carries the gene for _________, which is common given his background
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Tay-Sachs disease
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The _______________ supports the transfer of oxygen and nourishment from the mother to the developing fetus.
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placenta
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An XY in the 23rd pair of chromosomes will produce
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boy
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The development of behavioral similarities among two unrelated, adopted children is likely a result of
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environmental influences.
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Jason and Joseph are fraternal twins. Which statement about the boys is true?
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They are no more genetically alike than non-twin siblings.
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Which genetic disorder results from an XXY chromosomal pairing?
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Klinefelter's syndrome
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The more genetically similar two people are, the more likely they will share physical characteristics. Which of the following will have the lowest degree of shared characteristics?
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two siblings born from different sperm donors
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_____________ provide an opportunity for researchers to compare genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
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twin studies
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Megan's child was conceived about five weeks ago. Her baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.
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embryonic
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_____________ is an emerging field that explores the link between biology and psychological characteristics.
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Behavioral genetics
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is the combination of multiple genes producing a specific trait.
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Polygenic inheritance
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Alexandra is observing a small group of students' interactions in a playtime setting at the school laboratory. Previously, she collected biological information about each child's parents and asked them to complete a detailed survey about their lifestyles. What field does Alexandra work in
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behavioral genetics
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As a woman ages, which of the following decreases?
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chance of becoming pregnant
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Caleb was born with a bright and boisterous temperament. He was always laughing and quick to engage with people. His parents belong to a very strict religious sect that forbids any overt expression of emotion in adults. How will multifactorial transmission affect Caleb?
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WRONG His expressive demeanor will be eliminated by the parental environment.
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What determines the characteristics of every cell in the body?
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WRONG DNA
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Without access to scientific testing, what could be used to determine recessive and dominant traits in a person?
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the phenotype
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Expression of a particular range of genotype traits determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is called
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multifactorial transmission.
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Brain activity is accelerated by ____________, a coating on the neurons.
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myelin
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The combination of multiple gene pairs producing a particular trait is called
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polygenic inheritance.
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A fertilized egg has _______ chromosomes.
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WRONG 23
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What types of drugs are considered safe for use during pregnancy?
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none
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The belief that human behavior is a product of both genetics and environment
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WRONG is still difficult to prove conclusively.
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Approximately how many genes does a human have?
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25,000
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What can decrease the chance of developing schizophrenia for someone genetically disposed to the disorder?
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a stress-free environment
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The _______ stage is the first in the prenatal development process.
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germinal
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____________________ is the determination of traits by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, expressed across a range in the phenotype.
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Multifactorial transmission
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Annette and Kyle's son Josh had poor motor control and lower physiological response the first few days after he was born. He also had difficulty initiating breastfeeding. What is a likely cause?
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Annette received anesthesia during delivery 92
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When Glen and David first showed an Elmo doll to their new baby Claire, she was enthralled, grinning happily. But a few weeks later the dads are disappointed; Claire barely notices the doll anymore. What is the likely reason?
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Claire has become habituated to Elmo. 105
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Ted and Rosa rushed to the hospital, ready to welcome their new baby soon. But within a few hours they were driving home again. It turns out they were fooled by Rosa's
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Braxton-Hicks contractions. 86
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George and Dolly were surprised when she went into labor at 34 weeks. Dolly is just happy to have a healthy daughter, but George wants answers. Their doctor couldn't pinpoint a cause, and said that roughly _______ of preterm and low-birthweight births cannot be explained
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50% 96-97
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Ken and Fiona's infant son Bryce loves a stuffed carrot toy that a friend brought over. Fiona thinks it's garish and Ken says it's a little creepy. But when Bryce looks around with concern, they know he wants "the carrot" and give it to him. This dynamic helps enhance Bryce's
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social capabilities. 106
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Which of the following is a reason for the United States' high rate of infant mortality compared to similar industrialized countries?
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lower rates of prenatal care higher rates of poverty higher rates of preterm and low-birthweight deliveries CORRECT all of the above 100
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What physical reflex is the most important to a neonate's health and development?
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swallowing 103
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Infants' ability to discern basic adult facial expressions showing emotions such as happiness and sadness demonstrates
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social capability 106
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Developmental research has shown that babies are born
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with physical, social, and sensory capabilities. 104
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What Apgar score might be cause for some concern?
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5 to 7 88
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What type of neonate faces the greatest health risk?
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very-low-birthweight 96
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What marks the beginning of the process of birth?
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release of corticotropin-releasing hormone 86
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What happens during the first stage of labor?
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The cervix enlarges to 10 centimeters. 87
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A pre-term infant is born before _____________weeks after conception.
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38 94
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At how many weeks of gestation does the survival rate of a fetus reach 90 percent?
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week 30 96
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________ is the scientific term for a newborn.
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Neonate 86
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Which of the following is not an alternative birthing procedure?
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doula birthing 90
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When did the infant mortality rate in the United States begin declining?
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the 1960s 99
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Developmentalists use the term ____________ to refer to close physical and emotional contact between parent and child immediately following birth.
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bonding 89
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A fetus takes in ________________ through the placenta.
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oxygen 88
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The brain of a newborn baby is _________ the size of an adult's brain.
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25% 103
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Which of the following is not classified as a behavioral or environmental risk for delivering a low-birthweight baby?
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low education level 97
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Why is the use of fetal monitors considered a factor in the increase of cesarean sections performed in the United States?
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Fetal monitors have high rates of false readings for fetal distress. 99
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A baby that is born at 35 weeks and weighs less than 90% of the average weight for babies born at 35 weeks is considered
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preterm and low birthweight. 94
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Which of the following demonstrates different cultural and societal perspectives on childbirth?
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differing views on the pain and effort of giving birth differing preferences for doctors or midwives guiding the birth process higher rates of hospital births in the United States compared to other countries CORRECT all of the above 89-91
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Why does postpartum depression pose a risk for the infant as well as the mother?
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Infants respond poorly to mothers in a depressed, withdrawn state. 102
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Sam and Raoul's newborn daughter received an Apgar score of 8 on her first exam. The score on her second exam was 5. What will likely occur?
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WRONG She will need to be resuscitated. 88
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Newborn geese will become attached to the first animated being they see in a process called imprinting. What provides a similar experience for neonates?
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close physical contact with the parents at birth 89
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Some people believe that a c-section is less traumatizing for the baby. But others believe that it puts the baby at a disadvantage. How?
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A c-section baby doesn't release stress hormones useful for life outside the womb. 99
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What physical reflex is the most important to a neonate's health and development?
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swallowing 103
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Why is it important to screen newborns for diseases and genetic disorders?
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to identify immediate treatment strategies 92
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A baby turns its head and begins a sucking motion when stroked on the cheek. This is a demonstration of
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the rooting reflex. 103
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What scent will increase an infant's activity level?
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peppermint 104
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What is the benefit of regularly massaging preterm infants?
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It releases growth hormones. 96
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Involuntary responses to certain stimuli are called
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Reflexes 103
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Which of the following is not a component of the Apgar scale?
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anoxia 88
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What is the most critical task facing preterm babies who are substantially underweight
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WRONG developing sucking and swallowing reflexes 95
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What does a fetal monitor do?
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It measures the baby's heartbeat during labor. 99
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Light sleep, deep sleep, alertness, and fussiness are all ______________ for an infant.
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states of arousal 106
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Sixteen-year-old Brenda couldn't wait to hold her baby for the first time. She had seen so many delivery room scenes in the movies, and the baby was rosy and glowing and perfect. When her son was born, Brenda was horrified to see him
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covered in vernix. with slightly blue extremities. covered in lanugo. CORRECT all of the above
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Esther has had a very difficult pregnancy with several bouts of false labor. She is nervous that the baby wants to come out and see the world too soon. Her doctor explained that the baby has about a 50% chance of survival right now. How far along is Esther's pregnancy?
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about 25 weeks 96
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Jason, Ted, and Emily looked at their new baby asleep in the hospital nursery. It wasn't the idyllic picture they had imagined, seeing the tiny boy under the glare of fluorescent lights. But they understand the room is a nonmedical treatment for
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neonatal jaundice. 104
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Pedro and Marisol are amazed to see how quickly their baby Josefina is developing. She even seems to be communicating! When Josefina wants to eat, she uses a different cry than when she is fussy or needs changing. The baby is displaying the results of
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operant conditioning 105
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he Bradley Method is sometimes called _____________ childbirth.
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WRONG breath-centered 90
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In some areas of the world, up to ______ of the babies are delivered by midwife.
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80% 91
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Carter and Viola's son Leo weighed 2470 grams when he was born at 38 weeks. Leo is considered a ________ infant.
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WRONG very-low-birthweight 94
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When Tara was an infant, Yuri would be feeding her in the family room when Max came home from school. Max would grab a snack and turn on Sponge Bob. Now every time that cartoon is on TV, Tara Looks around for a bottle. What is the cause of Tara's reaction?
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classical conditioning
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Why is birthweight a critical health factor for neonates?
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Fat makes up for their inability to regulate body temperature
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Immediately following birth, the medical team conducts a health screen of five key factors using the
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Apgar scale.
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Why do developmentalists believe that humans are born "too soon?"
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The neonate brain is one-fourth the size of an adult brain.
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Postpartum depression affects ________ of all new mothers.
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10%
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Why is public funding of prenatal care for low-income mothers a worthwhile investment?
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Babies lacking prenatal care can have later deficits, resulting in long-term social costs. Medical care for healthy infants costs less than for infants lacking prenatal care. Good prenatal care results in more healthy infants at birth. all of the above
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Which of the following is known as "husband-coached childbirth?"
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WRONG Lamaze technique
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What is the frequency of breech position births?
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1 in 25
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Rosa and Hector are getting ready to enter the delivery room. They are excited but also very concerned. Rosa is in her 25th week of gestation, and they know the lowest age of viability is ____ weeks
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22
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The infant mortality rate for African Americans is _______ the rate for white Americans.
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more than double
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What is the cause of neonatal jaundice?
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WRONG low-birthweight
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Around the world, about 50% of births are attended by health care professionals. In the United States, the number is
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99%
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What happens during the second stage of labor?
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The baby passes through the birth canal.
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What is the cutoff point for a neonate to be considered very-low-birthweight?
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1250 grams
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What is the term for a baby's attention to a new stimulus?
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WRONG habituation
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What was the rationale for the expanded variety of birthing methods that began in the 1970s?
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to encourage fathers to be present to give parents more control to enhance the emotional experience CORRECT all of the above
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The sequence of strongest contractions is
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a period called transition.
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Infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception are considered
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Preterm
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Four-month-old Nanette is staring dreamily at the mobile above her rocker seat. Chris wants to show her brother Jack how cute it is, so they quietly stand to the side and watch. When Jack sneezes, Nanette turns her head toward them and the spell is broken. The baby is demonstrating
answer
sound localization. 133
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Brooke and James have high-powered jobs. They hate to cook, so breakfast and dinner for them and four-year-old Nate come from some fast food spot. Nate never complains, but Brooke was horrified when the pediatrician said the boy is at risk for
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undernutrition. 128
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Jason is a wide receiver for a pro football team. When he stood his two-month old son LeRay on the floor and the boy began stomping, Jason cheered. He knew LeRay was going to be a champion. His wife told him to relax: it is only
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the stepping reflex 122
question
Rachel spent several weeks in the hospital when she was first born. She learned to recognize and respond to the voices of several nurses who cared for her. When Rachel went home, her brain's ability to recognize these voices faded with time through a process known as
answer
synaptic pruning. 116
question
Don and Betty were overwhelmed for the first several weeks after they brought little Sally home from the hospital. But in time Sally seemed to be asleep and fussy and hungry at fairly predictable intervals, and they fell into step with her behavioral
answer
rhythms. 118
question
By six months of age, most infants can move themselves in a direction of their choosing. What are they using to achieve this milestone?
answer
gross motor skills 124
question
At what age are 90% of children capable of steady walking?
answer
15 months 124
question
Which taste do infants prefer?
answer
sweet 135
question
Children develop standard 20/20 vision by the time they are ___________ old.
answer
6 months 132
question
Which of the following is not measured by the Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale?
answer
psychological control 126
question
The possible actions provided by a particular situation or stimulus are called
answer
affordances. 136
question
Which principle states that growth occurs from the center of the body outward?
answer
proximodistal 115
question
When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?
answer
between birth and 12 months of age 114
question
The receiving end of a neuron is the
answer
dendrite 115
question
The nervous system is a complex web of communication. In fact, a single adult neuron will have a minimum of ___________ connections to other neurons and body parts
answer
5,000 116
question
Which of the following shows ascending order for the average size of infants from each ethnic group?
answer
Asian, Caucasian, African American 114
question
Robbie's son Zack weighs 13 pounds. To get proper nutrition, about how many calories should Zack consume each day?
answer
650 127
question
What is the benefit of reflexes emerging and disappearing on a regular timetable?
answer
Deviations from the timetable offer cues about developmental problems 124
question
Which of the following does not have a protective function?
answer
rooting reflex 123
question
The extensive growth and selective pruning of the brain in response to environmental experience is a result of its high degree of
answer
plasticity. 117
question
Children develop at different rates. Some can perform a particular skill well at an early age, others show mastery of the skill late. The bulk of children fit the _________, with the level of performance and age fitting within an average range
answer
norm 126
question
Although they don't seem to do very much, infants have _____ primary behavioral states.
answer
10 119
question
Sensation is _________________; perception is _________________.
answer
a passive process; an active process 131
question
Navigating stairs requires learning to walk, learning to balance, and having visual depth perception. This milestone likely won't be achieved until all three skills are present. This is an example of
answer
dynamic systems theory. 125
question
The brain and related nerves develop at a different rate than the skeleton. This demonstrates the
answer
principle of independence of systems. 115
question
What is one sensory-based approach to helping preterm infants gain weight?
answer
regular massage 136
question
When does the entire body become sensitive to touch?
answer
32 weeks after conception 136
question
The multimodal approach to perception focuses on how sensory input is
answer
WRONG assimilated. 136
question
Which principle would examine growth from the perspective of the trunk and extremities?
answer
proximodistal principle 115
question
How long do neural connections in the body continue to be created?
answer
throughout the course of life 116
question
Which reflex is the first to disappear?
answer
WRONG the Babinski reflex ALSO WRONG the stepping reflex 123
question
Megan's pediatrician says that her son Troy is a bit underweight. She recommends that Troy consume 50 calories per day for each pound he weighs. Megan is shocked! This figure is _____ the recommended calorie intake for adults.
answer
two times 127
question
Josie's son Ian loves playing with his Busy Box, making the color wheel spin and pressing the buttons to make sounds and feeling the strange new textures. What is happening in Ian's brain as he plays with the toy?
answer
Synapses are pruned. Individual neurons increase in size. New connections are made between neurons. Correct answer All of the above. 116
question
Johnetta and Alice recently celebrated their son Zack's first birthday. He's curious, active, and fun, and now that he's one, from a sleep cycle perspective, they feel like they're on vacation. Why?
answer
.Zack sleeps through the night and needs 15 hours of sleep a day. 120
question
Charles and Rita love to watch their six-month-old son Paul get all "Einstein." He will stare intently at an object, hold it, turn it over, taste it, toss it — all with a profound look of concentration. What is likely occurring?
answer
WRONG sensation ALSO WRONG autostimulation 131
question
Which of the following lists is in correct temporal order of development?
answer
reflexes, gross motor skills, fine motor skills 124
question
A good rule of thumb for helping to support development of an infant's nervous system is to
answer
do activities that engage multiple senses. 118
question
Reflexes are
answer
organized but involuntary responses to stimuli. precursors to more advanced motor skills. inborn physical skills. Correct answer all of the above 122
question
What is generally associated with the introduction of solid food for an infant
answer
weaning 130
question
How can researchers assess various infant states in response to stimuli?
answer
by measuring brain wave patterns 118
question
What sensory process is a complement to binocular vision?
answer
sound localization 133
question
What is the leading cause of death in children under 1 year old?
answer
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 121
question
Which of the following is not considered an awake state for infants?
answer
WRONG fuss 119
question
Piaget examined infant cognitive development from a macro perspective; the information-processing approach
answer
looks at cognitive development from a micro perspective. 149
question
According to Piaget, which of the following occurs when a child's thinking changes based on her experiences?
answer
accommodation 143
question
"Motherese" is an out-of-date term for
answer
infant-directed speech. 162
question
According to information-processing theory, the act of placing information into memory is called
answer
storage. 150
question
Restricting the use of a common word to one specific object is known as
answer
underextension. 160
question
Substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage is marked by the emergence of __________, which is the ability to combine and coordinate schemes to generate a problem-solving act.
answer
goal-directed behavior 145
question
Cognitive neuroscientists believe the brain's memory capacity is divided into two systems:
answer
explicit and implicit. 152
question
What is the term for one word used by an infant as substitution for an entire thought?
answer
holophrase 159
question
On average, how much television does a two-year-old in the United States watch each day?
answer
2 hours 141
question
Which of Piaget's stages is focused on cognitive development in infants?
answer
sensorimotor 143
question
When Ben tells his ten-month-old son George to "get your rain boots from the cubby," George does just as he is told. The infant is demonstrating
answer
linguistic comprehension. 157
question
Since she learned to string words together, baby Jessica has an opinion about everything and everyone. She's always saying "I'm cold. Mommy pretty. Jess sleepy. That boy big." Jessica has a preference for the ____________ style of language
answer
expressive 161
question
April is in her highchair, not enjoying lunch. She drops some noodles on the floor, watches them splat, and laughs. Then she does it again and again, building a scheme about falling noodles through a process known as
answer
circular reaction. 145
question
Five-year-old Brent loves to trick his baby sister Zoe by showing her a toy, then hiding it under a box. She thinks it disappears, and he laughs. But one day Zoe knocks over the box and grabs the toy. Game over, Brent! Zoe has discovered
answer
object permanence. 145
question
When Magda brings her son Pavel to Nana's house, she sets him near the birdcage. He watches them flap their wings and hears them sing. He loves the colors and is spooked by their claws. From an information-processing perspective, Pavel is beginning to understand the ______________ of birds.
answer
concept 150
question
Which of the following would Piaget not consider a scheme in the sensorimotor period?
answer
babbling a vowel sound repeatedly 144
question
Which of the following is not a morpheme?
answer
the letter m 157
question
What strategy can you use to ensure a happy memory is never forgotten?
answer
Recall the memory over and over again. 152
question
Robert Siegler's "wave" theory of infant cognitive development is a response to criticism of Piaget's emphasis on
answer
formal stages of development. 148
question
A child who scores 110 on the Bayley Scales would be considered __________ in terms of development.
answer
slightly above average 154
question
Which of the following lists the components of human information processing in correct order?
answer
encoding, storage, retrieval 150
question
Which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is centered on unlearned, involuntary physical responses?
answer
substage 1 144
question
When an infant says "Doggy out" meaning "I see the dog outside," he is using
answer
telegraphic speech. 160
question
If Jean Piaget designed a t-shirt for his theory on infant cognitive development, what would the slogan be?
answer
Action = Knowledge. 142
question
The concept of "universal grammar" reflects a ____________ perspective on language development.
answer
nativist 162
question
Which of the following is a factor in cognitive development according to Piaget's theory?
answer
motor skills social interactions physical maturation Correct answer all of the above
question
A good way to describe Siegler's "wave" theory of infant development would be
answer
WRONG "marching ever forward." ALSO WRONG "stroll about randomly." 148
question
Using a computer system analogy, Piaget's cognitive schemes are like
answer
WRONG the CPU. 143
question
Robert Siegler's "wave" theory of infant cognitive development is a response to criticism of Piaget's emphasis on
answer
formal stages of development.
question
Piaget's cognitive theory focuses on how a child acts. Information-processing theories of cognitive development focus on
answer
how much data a child has. 149
question
For an adult, which activity has the highest degree of automatization?
answer
brushing one's teeth 150
question
Sally laughed at her twin boys Eric and Seth. When she heard the garage door signaling her husband was home from work, Eric said "Daddy" and Seth said "soup." These _________ make it clear where each boy's priorities lie!
answer
holophrases 159
question
Forty-year-old Joan swears that after she won the third grade spelling bee, her parents took her out for apple crisp ice cream. Her mother says they went right home, but that weekend dad brought apple crisp ice cream from the farm. What likely occurred?
answer
The weekend ice cream was incorporated into Joan's spelling bee memory. 152
question
Tina and Brad set up a gate at the top of the stairs so their son Mark wouldn't fall. But the other day Brad caught him fiddling with the latch and he almost got the gate open. They need a new strategy quickly, because Mark is in the _______ sensorimotor substage.
answer
WRONG third ALSO WRONG fourth 146-147
question
According to Piaget's sensorimotor substages, when are infants capable of representational thought?
answer
WRONG 10 months 144
question
Which of the following is not a beneficial use of infant development tests?
answer
getting a sense of the infant's potential later in life 154
question
The integration of separate actions into coordinated activities marks the _____ substage of the sensorimotor period.
answer
WRONG third 144
question
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development focus on ______________ abilities.
answer
mental and motor 154
question
Which of the following lists elements of language in ascending order of importance?
answer
phonemes, morphemes, semantics 157
question
First-grader Claire has always been a good reader and has started writing complex stories. Her mother is a newspaper reporter and her father is an attorney. Both parents have read to Claire since the day she was born. Claire's capabilities demonstrate the ______________ perspective on language development
answer
WRONG learning theory 162
question
According to Chomsky, a language-acquisition device is a(n)
answer
neural network. 162
question
The coordination of several schemes into a single act to solve a problem is called
answer
WRONG multimodal proactive cognition. 145
question
We initially make sense of our world by _____________ information.
answer
encoding 150
question
Substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage is marked by the emergence of __________, which is the ability to combine and coordinate schemes to generate a problem-solving act.
answer
WRONG multimodal scheme application 145
question
What milestone of the sensorimotor stage begins the transition to the preoperational stage?
answer
the emergence of symbolic thought
question
Which perspective on the development of language is in step with the views of B.F. Skinner?
answer
learning theory approach
question
An infant's telegraphic sentences generally focus on
answer
observations.
question
Human language is made up of basic sounds called
answer
phonemes.
question
Parents learn quickly to expect the unexpected. Which statement best describes a child's perspective in substage 5 of the sensorimotor period?
answer
Explore the unexpected.
question
When an a parent and their young infant trade the same sound back and forth, they are engaged in
answer
prelinguistic communication.
question
Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses on the ______ of children's knowledge.
answer
quality
question
We initially make sense of our world by _____________ information.
answer
encoding
question
Which of the following is not a marker of the sixth sensorimotor substage?
answer
the ability to conduct little "experiments" to test knowledge
question
What directly precedes a child's formation of sentences?
answer
WRONG referential speech
question
The Bayley Scales and visual-recognition memory measurement are tools to assess infant
answer
intelligence.
question
Cognitive neuroscientists believe that long-term memory is divided into two systems:
answer
implicit and explicit.
question
What is the correct sequence in which people process information?
answer
encoding, storage, retrieval
question
Piaget's cognitive theory focuses on how a child acts. Information-processing theories of cognitive development focus on
answer
how much data a child has.
question
Luke is a 225-pound professional rugby player who normally sounds like Darth Vader. Yet when he talks to his baby daughter Rae, his voice takes on a higher pitch and a sing-song quality. Why?
answer
Luke is using infant-directed speech. Adults are naturally inclined to speak this way to babies. Rae prefers this type of speech. all of the above
question
A child who loves her big sister's bike and calls all vehicles "bike" is using
answer
overextension.
question
The information-processing approach to cognitive development focuses on _________ key elements of cognition.
answer
3
question
When does substage 1 of the sensorimotor period end?
answer
at 4 weeks of age
question
Which sentence best describes the motivation behind a secondary circular reaction?
answer
WRONG "I try different things to see what happens."
question
One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that
answer
his concept of distinct development stages is too constrictive.
question
We often have memories from long ago that we know are accurate, only to discover that the reality of the situation is different from what we recall. How can this occur?
answer
WRONG The memory was implicit, not explicit
question
Zeb's uncle John blows his nose like an elephant. After one of John's recent visits, Diana laughed to see Zeb growling loudly into a tissue, showing off his capacity for
answer
deferred imitation.
question
People use _____________ to initially record, store, and retrieve information.
answer
memory
question
_________________ is the term for the high-pitched, sing-song voice used by adults when talking to babies.
answer
Infant-directed speech
question
What is the primary element of cognitive development in Piaget's theory?
answer
WRONG stages
