question

enuresis

answer

repeated urination in clothing or in bed

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gross motor skills

answer

physical skills that involve the larger muscles

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fine motor skills

answer

physical skills hat involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

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systems of action

answer

increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

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handedness

answer

preference for using a particular hand

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pre operational stage

answer

In Piaget's theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic

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symbolic function

answer

Piaget's term for ability to use mental representations (words numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.

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pretend play

answer

play involving imaginary people and situations (also called fantasy play,dramatic play, or imaginative play)

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transduction

answer

Piaget's term for a preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

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animism

answer

tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive.

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centration

answer

In Piaget's theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

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decenter

answer

In Piaget's terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

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egocentrism

answer

Piaget's term for inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of young children's thought.

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conservation

answer

Piaget's term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.

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irreversibility

answer

Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.

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theory of mind

answer

awareness and understanding of mental processes.

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encoding

answer

process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.

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storage

answer

retention of information in memory for future

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retrieval

answer

process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory

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sensory memory

answer

initial brief, temporary storage of sensory information

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working memory

answer

short-term storage of information being actively processed.

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executive function

answer

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

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central executive

answer

in Baddeley's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information

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long term memory

answer

storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods

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recognition

answer

ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.

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recall

answer

ability to reproduce material from memory

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generic memory

answer

memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.

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script

answer

General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.

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episodic memory

answer

long term memory of specific experiences or events linked to time and place

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autobiographical memory

answer

memory of specific events in ones life

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social interaction model

answer

model baed on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.

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Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

answer

Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone, and what the child can do with help.

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scaffolding

answer

temporary support to help a child master a task

question

fast mapping

answer

process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.

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pragmatics

answer

the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes

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social speech

answer

speech intended to be understood by a listener.

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private speech

answer

taking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others

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emergent literacy

answer

Preschoolers' development of skills knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.

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self-concept

answer

sense of self, descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.

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self-definition

answer

cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself

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single representations

answer

In neo-Piagetian Terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.

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real self

answer

the self one actually is

question

ideal self

answer

the self one would like to be

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representational mapping

answer

In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.

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self-esteem

answer

the judgment a person makes about his or her self worth

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initiative vs guilt

answer

Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so

question

gender identity

answer

Awareness,developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.

question

gender roles

answer

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex, differ for males and females.

question

gender-typing

answer

socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

question

gender stereotypes

answer

preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior

question

theory of sexual selection

answer

Darwin's theory that gender roles developed in response to men's and women's differing reproductive needs.

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identification

answer

in Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.

question

gender constancy

answer

awareness that one will always be male or female, also called sex-category constancy

question

gender-schema theory

answer

Theory proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what i means to be male or female in a particular culture.

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social cognitive theory

answer

Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization

question

functional play

answer

play involving repetitive large muscular movements.

question

constructive play

answer

play involving use of objects or materials to make something

question

dramatic play

answer

Play involving imaginary people or situations (also called pretend play, fantasy play, or imaginative play)

question

formal games with rules

answer

organized games with known procedures and penalties

question

gender segregation

answer

tendency to select playmates of ones own gender

question

discipline

answer

methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.

question

corporal punishment

answer

use of physical force with the intention of causing pain, but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.

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inductive techniques

answer

disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness

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power assertion

answer

disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

question

withdrawl of love

answer

disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring or showing dislike for a child

question

authoritarian parenting

answer

in Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience

question

permissive parenting

answer

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation

question

authoritative parenting

answer

In Baumrind's terminology , parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with effort to instill social values.

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alturism

answer

Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward, may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice

question

prosocial behavior

answer

any voluntary behavior intended to help others

question

instrumental aggression

answer

aggressive behavior used as means of achieving a goal.

question

overt (direct) aggression

answer

aggression that is openly directed at its target

question

relational (social or indirect) aggression

answer

aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation or psychological well-being

question

rough-and-tumble play

answer

Vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming

question

body image

answer

Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance

question

hypertension

answer

chronically high blood pressure

question

acute medical conditions

answer

illnesses that last a short time

question

Chronic medical conditions

answer

illnesses or impairments that persist for at least 3 months

question

asthma

answer

a chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing

question

diabetes

answer

on of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both

question

concrete operations

answer

Third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.

question

seriation

answer

ability to order items along a dimension

question

transitive interference

answer

understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object.

question

class inclusion

answer

understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts

question

inductive reasoning

answer

type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class

question

deductive reasoning

answer

type of logical reasoning that moves form a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.

question

executive function

answer

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

question

metamemory

answer

understanding of processes of memory

question

mnemonic strategy

answer

techniques to aid memory

question

external memory aids

answer

Mnemonic strategies using something outside the person

question

rehearsal

answer

Mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition

question

organization

answer

mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered

question

elaboration

answer

Mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered.

question

cultural bias

answer

Tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than to others.

question

theory of multiple intelligences

answer

Gardners theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence

question

triarchic theory of intelligence

answer

Sternberg's theory that describing three elements of intelligence: componential, experimental, and contextual.

question

componential element

answer

Sternberg's terms for the analytic aspect of intelligence

question

experiential element

answer

Sternbergs's term for the insightful or creative aspect of intelligence.

question

Contextual Element

answer

Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.

question

tacit knowledge

answer

Sternberg;s term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.

question

dynamic tests

answer

Tests based on Vygotsky's theory that emphasize potential rather than past learning

question

pragmatics

answer

set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication

question

bilingual

answer

fluent in two languages

question

two-way (dual language) learning

answer

Approach to second-language education in which english speakers and non english speakers learn together in their own and each other's languages

question

decoding

answer

process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory

question

visually based retrieval

answer

process of retrieving the sound of a printed word when seeing the word as a whole

question

phonetic (code-emphasis) approach

answer

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words

question

whole-language approach

answer

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual cues

question

metacognition

answer

Awareness of a person;s own mental processes

question

social capital

answer

family and community resources on which a person can draw

question

dyslexia

answer

developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age

question

learning disabilities

answer

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement

question

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

SYndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration and inappropriate overactivity.

question

creativity

answer

ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions

question

convergent thinking

answer

thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem

question

divergent thinking

answer

thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.

question

representational thinking

answer

In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self

question

industry vs inferiority

answer

Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority

question

internalizing behaviors

answer

behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward; for example, anxiety or depression

question

externalizing behaviors

answer

behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties; for example, aggression or hostility

question

coregulation

answer

transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self regulation

question

prejudice

answer

unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside ones own especially racial or ethnic groups.

question

hostile attribution bias

answer

tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense

question

bullying

answer

aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless

question

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

answer

pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility and defiance.

question

Conduct disorder (CD)

answer

Repetitive persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

question

school phobia

answer

unrealistic fear of going to school; may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or social phobia

question

separation anxiety disorder

answer

condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people whom a person is attached

question

social phobia

answer

extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations

question

generalized anxiety disorder

answer

anxiety not focused on any single target

question

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

answer

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.

question

childhood depression

answer

mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide

question

individual psychotherapy

answer

psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one

question

family therapy

answer

psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

question

behavior therapy

answer

therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.

question

art therapy

answer

therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media

question

play therapy

answer

therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress

question

drug therapy

answer

administration fo drugs to treat emotional disorders

question

resilient children

answer

children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events.

question

protective factors

answer

influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

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