Experimental Research (Test 2)" and 1 other
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Scientific Method
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The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest
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Theories
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Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
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Hypothesis
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A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested
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Operational definition
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The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed
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Archival research
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Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test hypothesis
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Naturalistic observation
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Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation
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Survey research
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Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes
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Case Study
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An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people
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Variables
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Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some ways
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Correlational Research
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Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated or \"correlated\"
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Experiment
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The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation
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Experimental manipulation
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The change that an experiment deliberately produces in a situation
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Treatment
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The manipulation implemented by the experimenter
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Experimental group
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Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment
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Control group
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A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment
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Independent variable
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The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter
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Dependent variable
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The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable
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Random assignment to condition
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A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or \"conditions\" on the basis of chance and chance alone (3)
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Significant outcome
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Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses
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Replicated Research
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Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings
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Informed consent
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A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outcomes of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve
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Experimental Bias
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Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment
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Placebo
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A false treatment, such as a pill, drug or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient
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Participant Expectations
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During an experiment when a participant acts the way that they feel they are supposed to because they feel the experimenter wants them to act that way.
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Stanley Milgram's Obedience Studies
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Participants of this experiment were told they would be testing the effects of punishment on learning. The participants were told to teach another randomly chosen \"learner\" participant a list of words and quiz them on it. Whenever the \"learner\" made a mistake they were told to deliver an electric shock. The \"learner\" was in fact not being shocked, but he was acting as if he was. The participants even screamed at some points. Yet 65% of the time participants continued to shock the patients.
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Scientific Method
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Used to acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.
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Theories
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Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.
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Hypothesis
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A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
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Operational Definition
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Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
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Survey Research
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A sample of people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
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Case Study
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In-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.
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Variables
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Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.
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Correlational Research
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The relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated or \"correlated.\"
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Experiment
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The investigation of the relationship between two variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.
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Experimental Manipulation
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The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation.
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Treatment
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The manipulation implemented by the experimenter.
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Experimental Group
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Any group participating in a experiment that receives a treatment.
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Control Group
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A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment.
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Independent Variable
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The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter.
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.
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Random Assignment to Condition
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Participants are assigned to different experimental groups or \"conditions\" on the basis of chance and chance alone.
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Significant Outcome
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Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses.
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Replicated Research
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Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.
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Informed Consent
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Document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve. and is key to ethical principles
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Experimental Bias
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Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.
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Placebo
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A false treatment, such as a pill, \"drug\" or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.
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confederate unbeknown to the other participants, works for the experimenter
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is an actor who participates in an experiment as a subject along with the participant(s), but is not the one being observed or measure for they are working for the researcher. Their role varies by the type of experiment being conducted and the objective of the researcher.
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the process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories testing hypotheses is called the
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Scientific Method
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which of the following are steps in the scientific method
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1- identifying questions of interest 2- develop hypotheses 3- test hypotheses through research 4- communicating the findings
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First comes a hypothesis
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then a theory to test it
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theory
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based on a series of observation you think that the planets might be orbiting the sun you may have developed an
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hypotheses
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can be tested
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which of the following is an example of theory
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all people have an innate tendency towards positive growth in their life
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when conducting a naturalistic observation, it is important that the researchers
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not change the situation that they are observing
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a researcher has decided to conduct research on study habits of 19th-century students, this type of research which uses already existing data called
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Archival research
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Survey research
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involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feeling and or behavior
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A researcher is conducting an experiment on the effectiveness of full-spectrum light box treatment for seasonal affective disorder. which would not be considered variable
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study participation who has seasonal affective disorder
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A trait or characteristic that can change is referred to as
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variable
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Experiments involve ---- one variable and observing the effect on another variable
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manipulating
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Mary decided to measure intelligence in a group of checilder. she chose intelligence quotient I! for her procedure. She was choosing
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an operational defintion for intelligence
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true or false when considering an operational definition for a construct, there is usually only one definition that psychologists would agree on.
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False one construct can have multi operationalization, for example, a psychologist observes behavior or can administer a questionnaire
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true or false a disadvantage of theorise is they do not provide a unified coherent framework with which to understand phenomena
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False Theories are unified coherent framework hypotheses howver are much more specifi nature
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there are many different ways to define alcoholism, each of which has advantages and disadvantage thus it is not surprising that there may be many -----this concept
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operational definition of
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True or false the use of theorise allows psychologists to develop ideas for future investigation.
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True
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A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental group on the basis of chance is called ---- assignment
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random
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In an experiment, the ----- variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.
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dependent
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Researchers must protect the rights of participants, These rights include which of the following?
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1- protection of participants from physical and mental harm 2- The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior 3- The assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary 4- the necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures before their participation in the experiment
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In an experiment, the .....variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
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Independent
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The control group in a study looking at the effects of a drug on behavior would probably be administered a .......to make them think they were getting the drug.
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placebo
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When considering psychological studies an individual must consider which of the following when assessing whether the results are valid?
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1- Are the result due to how the independent variable was manipulated 2- do the result reflect subject or experimenter?
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Extraversion and attending parties are positively correlated
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People who go to parties tend to be extroverted
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what is the purpose of using deception in psychological research
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To prevent participant from being influenced what they think the purpose of the study is
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when a male experimenter interacts differntly with female participant than he does with male participants, this is an example of ---- bias in the study
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experimental
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In an experiment, the independent variable is ----- whereas the dependent variable is -----
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manipulated measured
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what of the following is an example of a case of study?
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A study of one person to determine how has affected their behavior today towards people of different ethnic group
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In an experiment examine the affect of leptin on the hunger of rats, rats in the --- group are given leptin shots and rats in the ---- group are given a shot of an inactive substance such as saline
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experimental control
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Before it can be conducted all psychological research is subject to review by
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an indepedent panal
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what are some things you would need to know when assessing the validity of research you read about in a magazine
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1- the independent and dependent variable 2- the specific hypotheses of the research
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A psychologist designated as experiment to determine the effect of positive and negative emotion on health is this experiment emotion is a ------ varible and health is a ---variable
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Independent dependent
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The use of placebo and double-blind procedure would tend to minimize experimental ----- in research
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Bias
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experimental bias
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the experimenter and participate expectations are tow types
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which is an example of survey research :
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A study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about people of different ethic group
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College students often participate in psychological research, limiting the --- of such work
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Generalization
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what are some thing would need to know when assessing the validity of research you read about in magazine
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1- who the participants were 2- the specific hypotheses of the research
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significant outcome in research are determined by
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a numerical difference that rules out chance
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scores in bowling go up as abillity goes up this is am example of
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a positive correlation
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Early detection of eye disorders in Children's and reducing chorinc pain in adults are examples of
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research involving animal that has benefitd human
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If you are a prticpate in study and you think you know how you are expected to behave this is an example of
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Participant exectaion
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when an experimenter smelling at you whenyou do what he or she expects is an example
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experimenter expectation
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Correlational research
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experiments can determine casual relationship
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3. Neuroscience and Behavior
