Experiemental Psych – Flashcards
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In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is what?
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Independent variable.
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In an experiment, the variable that is measured is what?
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Dependent variable.
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Empiricism refers to the practice of relying on what to draw conclusions?
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Observations.
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A specific proposition that logically follows from a theory is what?
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Hypothesis.
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An a priori hypothesis is made when?
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Before data collection
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Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge is what?
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Basic Research.
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The individual who is usually credited with starting the scientific study of behavior and mental processes was who?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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When researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they cannot control, they use what kind of design
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Quasi-Experimental.
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A researcher measured the public's attitudes toward nuclear power after a nuclear accident. This is an example of what kind of research?
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Descriptive.
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A researcher was interested in the effects of caffeine on memory. After administering various doses of caffeine to participants, she gave participants a test of memory. This is an example of what kind of research?
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Experimental.
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Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of one's findings are called what?
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Inferential statistics.
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How do you calculate the range?
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Subtract the lowest score from the highest score.
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How do you calculate the mean?
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Add the scores together and divide by the number of scores.
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An index of the strength of the relationship between variables is often called what?
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Effect size.
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What is variance?
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The degree to which participants' score differ from the mean
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Variance in a behavior that is related to variables that an investigator is investigating is what?
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Systematic variance.
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Variance in a behavior that is not related to the variables that an investigator is investigating is what?
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Error variance
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In an experiment that examined the effects of room temperature on aggression, systematic variance would be caused by what?
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Differences in temperature
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If we calculate the deviation scores for all observations in a set of data and add them, what will the sum be?
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Zero.
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The sum of squared deviations of participants' scores from the mean is called what?
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Total sum of squares.
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A researcher counting the number of times a rat presses a bar is using what type of measure?
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Observational.
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The measurement of weight is what type of scale?
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Ratio.
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Religious preference is what type of scale?
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Nominal.
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High school graduation rank is what type of scale
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Ordinal.
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The proportion of total variance that is true score variance reflects a measure's what?
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Reliability.
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A statistic that expresses the strength of relationship between two variables is what?
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Correlation coefficient.
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Which is the least important type of validity?
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Face.
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The SAT is used when admitting students into college because it has what type of validity?
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Predicitive.
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If scores on a test are consistent over time, the test has what?
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Test-retest relaibilty.
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Researchers generally want two administrations of the same test to correlate to what value?
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.70
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How does pseudoscience differ from true science (1)?
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Violates the central criteria of true science.
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Concluding that aliens have visited Earth on the basis of one person's report fails to support which criterion of science (1)?
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Public verifiability
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When measuring behavior, researchers want the variability in the numbers they assign to participants' responses to correspond with what (2)?
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The variability in participants' responses.
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What does not contribute to error variance in an experiment (2)?
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The independent variable
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What type of variance occurs when the relationship between two variables is perfect (2)?
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Systematic variance.
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Error variance obscures what (2)?
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The effects of the variables in which the researcher is primarily interested in.
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Which scale of measurement do researchers prefer to use when possible (3)?
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Ratio.
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What kind of reliability would be relevant in a study in which two observers recorded children's aggressive behaviors on the playground (3)?
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Interrater.
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Using shoe size as a measure of intelligence is what in terms of reliability and validity (3)?
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Reliable and invalid.
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A participant's observed score consists of what (3)?
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Measurement error and true score
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We gather knowledge through
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tenacity,intuition,authority, rationalism, imperialism, empiricalism
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tenacity
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believe it to be true because it has always been this way
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intuition
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gut feeling, its true because it feels true
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authority
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believe it to be true because someone of a higher status says it is
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rationalism
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believe it to be true because it makes logical sense
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imperialism
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research, observe it to be true
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empirical research
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experimenting
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science =
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rationalism (theory) + empiricalism (testing the theory)
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public verification
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make it replicable
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issues with public verification
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people have different interpretations so people disagree
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for something to be solvable
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the question must be answerable
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hypothesis
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prediction/educated guess/theory --must be falsifiable
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you can NEVER ______
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prove anything
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basic research
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to expand basic knowledge of something
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applied research
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help/fix/or improve something
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a pori post hoc
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before after
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Inductive reasoning
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specific --->general
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deductive reasoning
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general---> specific
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operational definition
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specifically how you are going to measure something
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variability
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variation in behavior, how much something varies
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variance
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degree that each score differentiate from the mean (descriptive stats that describe the amount of variance in scores from the mean)
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systematic variance
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variance in the variable of interest
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error variance
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variance due to the unrelated variables of interest
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observed score=
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true score + measure error
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reliability
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how reliable something is over time, same results over multiple studies
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validity
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what you are claiming to measure is actually what you are measuring
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Are valid measures reliable?
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YES
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Are reliable measures valid?
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NO
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face validity
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by looking at it---it looks valid
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construct validity
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does your measure relate to other measures
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criterion related validity
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does measure predict relative outcome
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test/ retest reliability
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degree of consistency over time
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inter item reliability
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degree of consistency among items on a scale (broad measures--CBCL)
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inter rater reliability
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people who are observing
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nominal
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categories (male/female)
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ordinal
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rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
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interval
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equal intervals (Temperature)
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ratio
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true zero ( time, distance)
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descriptive statistics
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summarize/describe your data (mean,median,mode) sample
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inferential statistics
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make inferences about data ( ANOVA, t-test, regression) population
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3 ways to measure
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observational-watching them physiological- HR/ hormone balance self-report- Liker-at scale/ Beck depression invetory
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problems with self-report
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nasaying- F all the way down social desirability- doing what you think is desirable aquesents- T all the way down double barrel questions- asking 2 questions in one
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naturalistic experiment contrived experiment
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in the field in a lab
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disguised observation
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when the participant doesn't know the real variable being tested (doesn't know they are being observed)
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non disguised observation
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flat out questions (know they are being observed)
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obtrusive measures
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directly asking/ aware..invasive
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unobtrusive measures
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unaware...another way to find out information
