question

The author of your text excludes thoughts and feelings form the realm of behavior.

answer

False

question

The list of alleged human instincts _____.

answer

has gotten shorter over the years

question

A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow.

answer

True

question

It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology.

answer

True

question

Malthus' book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, had a strong influence on Darwin.

answer

True

question

Natural selection is often _______.

answer

behind the times.

question

The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

answer

modal action pattern

question

Some people have genes from Homo neanderthalensis.

answer

True

question

The best title for the figure below is _______. (Figure on mean number of days of defecation or urination / generations)

answer

Fearfulness and heredity.

question

_____ changes when learning occurs.

answer

Behavior

question

Experience refers to ________.

answer

changes in the environment

question

Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.

answer

learning

question

The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning _______.

answer

is faster

question

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

learned behavior

question

The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to _____.

answer

Lucretius

question

Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

answer

Thomas Malthus.

question

The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

a reflex

question

Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

answer

False

question

Variation and natural selection are the foundations of ______.

answer

evolution

question

Darwin believed that there were no human instincts.

answer

False

question

Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _____.

answer

industrial pollution

question

The word stimulus always refers to events in an organism's surroundings.

answer

False

question

Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be

answer

measured.

question

Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

answer

releasers

question

Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

answer

45%

question

Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

answer

True

question

Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a _____.

answer

light switch

question

The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events

answer

True

question

Experiments done in natural settings are called ______.

answer

field experiments

question

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a ______.

answer

between-subjects design

question

Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ______.

answer

field experiments

question

The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n) _______.

answer

between-subjects experiment

question

Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is __________.

answer

bad science

question

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

answer

fluency

question

Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a(n) ________ variable.

answer

independent

question

One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

answer

no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

question

An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

answer

aversive

question

A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _________.

answer

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

question

In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with his or her performance during a ______.

answer

baseline period

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment comparing the effects of two teaching methods. Phyllis was taught by method A; Gertrude was taught by method B. This study is an example of _______. (Average number of correct responses / Average performance on 10 spelling tests (20 items each) following 2 methods of instruction)

answer

A between-subjects design

question

Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.

answer

dependent

question

B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively.

answer

false

question

The figure below shows learning as a change in ___________. (Stars)

answer

Topography

question

A person who says, "Everyone knows that...." is referring to _______.

answer

anecdotal evidence

question

Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _________.

answer

topography

question

In the cumulative record below, the rate of behavior is ________.

answer

decreasing

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment on the effects of heat on aggressive social behavior. Each rat experienced three temperatures. There was a sharp increase in the rate of aggressive behavior in all rats when the temperature went above 90. This study is best described as ________. (Aggressive responses / time (in minutes))

answer

a within-subject experiment

question

Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.

answer

False

question

In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.

answer

matched sampling

question

One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called _________.

answer

Psychological Research: An Introduction

question

If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

answer

extinction

question

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

answer

True

question

John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

answer

IT IS NOT SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING

question

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

answer

older adults

question

In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ________.

answer

IT IS NOT "INTERVAL BETWEEN CS-US TRIALS"

question

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.

answer

intelligence

question

__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

answer

unconditional

question

In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

answer

events in the dog's environment

question

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

answer

Latent inhibition

question

The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

answer

conditioned and unconditioned

question

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

answer

true

question

Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

answer

true

question

A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

answer

compound

question

The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain latent inhibition.

answer

true

question

The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

answer

intertrial interval

question

Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.

answer

unconditional

question

Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.

answer

physiology

question

The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

answer

unconditional

question

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

answer

extinction

question

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

answer

false

question

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

answer

false

question

An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______.

answer

overshadowing

question

The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.

answer

contingent on

question

Peter's fear, like Albert's, was the result of conditioning by a researcher.

answer

false

question

Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a long inter-stimulus interval.

answer

true

question

Political campaign ads attempt to use conditioning by pairing their candidate with stimuli that evoke positive emotions and by pairing the opponent candidate with stimuli that evoke negative emotions.

answer

true

question

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

answer

rat and loud sound

question

Pavlovian conditioning is an adaptive mechanism but can nevertheless result in the acquisition of maladaptive behavior.

answer

true

question

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

answer

aversion

question

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

answer

latent inhibition

question

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

answer

flavored water and radiation

question

Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.

answer

drug overdose

question

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

answer

evaluative conditioning

question

VRET owes a debt to the work of Mary Cover Jones.

answer

true

question

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

answer

Staats and Staats

question

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

answer

soft drinks

question

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

answer

exposing them to an unpleasant odor

question

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

answer

paraphilias

question

Peter's fear of a rabbit was established in a laboratory.

answer

false

question

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Exposure therapy is really a form of counterconditioning.

answer

true

question

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

answer

precede positive events

question

Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.

answer

sheep

question

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

answer

Mary Cover Jones

question

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

answer

counterconditioning

question

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________.

answer

dementia

question

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _________reinforcer.

answer

secondary

question

The law of effect says that _______.

answer

behavior is a function of its consequences

question

With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure.

answer

False

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

answer

a reduction in the number of aversive events

question

Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures.

answer

True

question

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.

answer

classical

question

Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together.

answer

True

question

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

answer

relative value theory

question

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

answer

IT IS NOT "PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING"

question

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

answer

instrumental

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

answer

primary reinforcer

question

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

answer

generalized

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

answer

reduce a drive

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

answer

a relation between behaviors

question

Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms.

answer

False

question

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

answer

response deprivation

question

Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.

answer

True

question

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______.

answer

IT IS NOT "AGE. STUDIES SHOW THAT AFTER THE AGE OF 60 LEARNING IS A SECOND LANGUAGE IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE"

question

Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior.

answer

False

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

answer

conditioned

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

answer

contiguity

question

According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.

answer

True

question

Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "PUNISHMENT"

question

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

answer

IT IS NOT "NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT"

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

answer

time

question

Koichi Ono got superstitious behavior in university students by providing points noncontingently at regular intervals. One student ended up repeatedly ______.

answer

jumping to touch the ceiling

question

Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _______.

answer

operant learning

question

All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________.

answer

never back up

question

Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.

answer

approximations of a desired behavior

question

In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______.

answer

reinforce novel behavior

question

In shaping, it is sometimes a good idea to back up-- i.e., to reinforce earlier approximations of the desired behavior.

answer

true

question

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training.

answer

immunization

question

Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure.

answer

escape training

question

Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to _______.

answer

praise particularly original stories

question

Reinforcement reduces creativity because creativity requires new forms of behavior.

answer

false

question

The classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by _________.

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

Creative behavior is a function of its consequences.

answer

true

question

Backward chaining begins with the reinforcement of the last behavior in the chain.

answer

True

question

The author of your text probably believes that most childhood tantrums are due to unintentional shaping by adults.

answer

True

question

The figure below from your text illustrates _______. (birds flipping)

answer

Shaping

question

Meerkats train their young using procedures that resemble shaping.

answer

True

question

Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.

answer

industriousness

question

Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______.

answer

rat

question

One tip for successful shaping of behavior is to provide large reinforcers.

answer

False

question

The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______.

answer

task analysis

question

Stuart Vyse's book on superstition is called _______.

answer

Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition

question

The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.

answer

depends on an organism's learning history

question

Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually.

answer

True

question

Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.

answer

bowl

question

Superstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it __________.

answer

does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

question

Post-reinforcement pauses are now often referred to as _________.

answer

pre-ratio pauses

question

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10" schedule. Lever pressing is on a _________.

answer

concurrent schedule

question

Of the following, the schedule that most closely resembles noncontingent reinforcement is _________.

answer

FT

question

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of more than one subject is a _________.

answer

cooperative schedule

question

Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's reinforcement schedule is best described as a _________.

answer

variable time schedule

question

Studies of choice involve _________.

answer

concurrent schedules

question

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the _________.

answer

FT schedule

question

Extinction often increases the variability of behavior.

answer

True

question

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

answer

duration

question

When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.

answer

true

question

CRF is synonymous with _________.

answer

FR 1

question

The more effort a behavior requires, the fewer times the behavior will be performed during extinction.

answer

true

question

One everyday example of a VR schedule is the lottery.

answer

True

question

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a _________.

answer

multiple schedule

question

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the _________.

answer

response unit hypothesis

question

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

answer

False

question

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck _________.

answer

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

question

When a response is placed on extinction, there is often an increase in emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a _________.

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is _______.

answer

CPF

question

Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.

answer

False

question

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the _______.

answer

greater the number of responses during extinction

question

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the _________.

answer

FI schedule

question

_____________ led the way in the study of choice.

answer

Richard Herrnstein

question

The rate at which a response occurs, once the subject begins performing it, is called the _________.

answer

run rate

question

The reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called ____________.

answer

resurgence

question

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

answer

Frustration

question

In schedules research, VD stands for ________.

answer

variable duration

question

The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10.

answer

True

question

A reduction in response rate following reinforcement is called a _________

answer

post-reinforcement pause

question

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n) _________.

answer

VR schedule

question

A given reinforcement schedule tends to produce a distinctive pattern and rate of performance. These are called schedule _______.

answer

effects

question

Resurgence may help account for _______.

answer

regression

question

___________ schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.

answer

progressive

question

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

learned behavior

question

Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

answer

False

question

Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.

answer

True

question

All reflexes contribute to survival

answer

False

question

The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a

answer

MAP

question

The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably ____________.

answer

Galen

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment comparing the effects of two teaching methods. Phyllis was taught by method A; Gertrude was taught by method B. This study is an example of _______.

answer

a between-subjects design

question

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

answer

licorice

question

Pavlovian conditioning accounts for negative emotions, but not for positive ones.

answer

False

question

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

answer

rat

question

The best title for the figure below is ______. (median length of line drawn (in inches) / days)

answer

The effect of practice without reinforcement

question

A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

answer

Olds and Milner

question

Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.

answer

True

question

Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.

answer

False

question

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of _______.

answer

Response prevention

question

Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often _______ .

answer

an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers

question

The one-process theory of punishment goes back to ________.

answer

Thorndike

question

Positive punishment necessarily involves aversives.

answer

True

question

Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects.

answer

True

question

One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________.

answer

the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first

question

If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______.

answer

the consequences of the behavior must be negative

question

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n) _________.

answer

aversive

question

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.

answer

something is added

question

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.

answer

extinction

question

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."

answer

Jack Michaels

question

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.

answer

2 seconds

question

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ___________.

answer

Pavlovian and operant learning

question

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to ______.

answer

try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

question

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

answer

False

question

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _______.

answer

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

question

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ______.

answer

reduce its effectiveness

question

The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution

answer

True

question

Abnormal behavior may persist despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences.

answer

True

question

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ______.

answer

Charle's behavior has not been punished

question

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "A RAPID SUPPRESSION OF THE UNWANTED BEHAVIOR"

question

Murray Sidman's book on aversive control, including punishment, is called ______.

answer

Coercion and Its Fallout

question

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that _______.

answer

it doesn't pay to tell the truth

question

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as _________.

answer

teachers

question

Tarpley and Schroeder attempted to reduce face-slapping in an 8-year-old boy by providing food when the boy played with a ball. The result was that face-slapping __________.

answer

IT IS NOT "DECREASED BY 40% IN TWO HOURS"

question

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

answer

True

question

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called ________.

answer

Capsules

question

Time out is a form of punishment.

answer

True

question

Self-injurious behavior sometimes occurs in healthy people, including college students.

answer

True

question

Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.

answer

True

question

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

answer

False

question

In Skinner's teaching machines, the only reinforcer was the opportunity to move on to the next item.

answer

True

question

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct .

answer

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

question

Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was _________.

answer

IT'S NOT "AN EXTRA CREDIT POINT."

question

Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with ___________.

answer

chimpanzees

question

Eddie McNamara's study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.

answer

False

question

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "10 TIMES A MINUTE"

question

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _______.

answer

headsprout

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he _____________.

answer

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

true

question

Brad Alford's study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of ________.

answer

an ABA design experiment

question

The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner.

answer

True

question

Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "BEING LAUGHED AT BY OTHER STUDENTS"

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

True

question

There is no scientific support for symptom substitution.

answer

True

question

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _________.

answer

IT IS NOT "IS SOMETIMES A GOOD SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS PEOPLE FACE"

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often ________.

answer

effective

question

___________ is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

answer

IT IS NOT "SPONTANEOUS REPLACEMENT"

question

Although the consequences of a model's behavior have a strong influence on an observer's tendency to imitate the model's behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer's behavior tend to win out.

answer

True

question

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______.

answer

adults

question

Little of classroom learning is observational.

answer

False

question

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________.

answer

retentional processes

question

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.

answer

False

question

Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.

answer

True

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______.

answer

listened to models on a tape

question

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.

answer

True

question

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "STRONG BUT INCONCLUSIVE"

question

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ .

answer

termite fishing

question

Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.

answer

True

question

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.

answer

more from the model's behavior

question

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________.

answer

did better than those who did not observe a model

question

Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.

answer

True

question

Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.

answer

False

question

Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.

answer

True

question

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________.

answer

The Sorrows of Young Werther

question

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

answer

True

question

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.

answer

True

question

In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.

answer

False

question

Research suggests that the tendency to imitate the irrelevant acts of a model increases with age.

answer

True

question

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing

answer

events and their consequences

question

Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.

answer

True

question

The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model's behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced.

answer

False

question

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.

answer

imitated the irrelevant acts

question

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S^D S D , but not in the presence of an S^-, we can say the behavior is _______.

answer

IT IS NOT "FULLY DISCRIMINATED"

question

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

answer

True

question

Generalization is sometimes called _________.

answer

transfer

question

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called _______.

answer

learned industriousness

question

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

answer

S^D

question

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck ________.

answer

discs of various colors

question

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

answer

True

question

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced ________.

answer

73,000 times

question

Steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic. He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. He returns to his old neighborhood. You predict that within six months, Steven will ______.

answer

be abusing drugs again

question

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing. Judy is engaged in _______.

answer

concept training

question

In _______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard.

answer

oddity matching

question

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is ______.

answer

IT IS NOT "RESPONSE GENERALIZATION"

question

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.

answer

False

question

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

answer

False

question

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This __________.

answer

reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

question

When six-month old Joey cries, his mother, Martha, can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is an example of ______.

answer

discrimination

question

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

answer

true

question

Harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing. When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the monkey will _______.

answer

pick the new, very rough block

question

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is _______.

answer

Herbert Terrace

question

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates _______.

answer

generalization

question

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by _______.

answer

Spence

question

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is _______.

answer

slightly softer than the CS+

question

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of ______.

answer

generalization

question

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

answer

False

question

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across _________.

answer

Time

question

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word____________.

answer

hit

question

The length of the retention interval is unrelated to the degree of forgetting.

answer

False

question

The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order, ____________ .

answer

chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount

question

Endel Tulving said that _____ memories have to do with "knowledge of the world."

answer

semantic

question

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

answer

True

question

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is ___________.

answer

put on extinction after the retention interval

question

A system for learning with flash cards is known by the acronym____________.

answer

SAFMEDS

question

It turns out that Jack (see item 7) can't remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. Jill is measuring forgetting by using ____________.

answer

prompted recall

question

Marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn't remember her lines at rehearsal. Her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues.

answer

true

question

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they ____________.

answer

disagree with it

question

When forgetting occurs because the environment during recall is different from the environment during training, it is said to be ____________.

answer

cue-dependent

question

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.

answer

True

question

Another term for episodic memory is ____ memory.

answer

autobiographical

question

To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ____________ method.

answer

relearning

question

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient____________.

answer

degradation

question

The name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning.

answer

True

question

Kamil and Balda found that Clark's nutcrackers could recall the location of food caches for up to ____________.

answer

6 months

question

Forgetting is the deterioration of ____________ .

answer

performance

question

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

answer

False

question

In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A.

answer

paired associate

question

Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called ____________.

answer

DMTS

question

The first person to argue that the passage of time does not cause forgetting was probably __________.

answer

McGeoch

question

Riding a bicycle is an example of _____ memory.

answer

procedural

question

One measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. This procedures could be considered a form of____________.

answer

prompted recall

question

Jack and Jill go up a hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack falls down and breaks his crown and Jill thinks he may have suffered a concussion. To test his memory, she asks him if he remembers what happened. Jill is measuring forgetting by the method known as ____________.

answer

free recall

question

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

answer

declarative

question

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.

answer

True

question

The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by__________.

answer

Luria

question

Memories that cannot be expressed are called _____.

answer

nondeclarative

question

Joseph Wolpe raised doubts about the idea that people are prepared to acquire certain phobias.

answer

True

question

The tendency to revert to a fixed (or modal) action pattern is called instinctive drift.

answer

True

question

Allen and Beatrice Gardner taught a chimpanzee to _________.

answer

use sign language

question

Frances puts a hungry rat into an experimental chamber. Whenever the rat presses a lever, food falls into a tray. In about 30 minutes, the rat is pressing the lever steadily. Frances returns the rat to the training cage for one hour a day every day until the rat produces young. Frances then trains one of this rat's offspring in the same manner as its mother and repeats this procedure for several generations. You predict that when the twelfth generation rat is put into the training cage, it will press the lever steadily in about _________.

answer

30 minutes

question

Skinner's efforts to teach pigeons to play ping pong demonstrate that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by_________.

answer

making allowances for physical limitations

question

Learning does not always mean progress.

answer

True

question

Harry and Martha Frank found that on barrier problems dogs did not perform as well as _________.

answer

Wolves

question

In their study of conditioning, Garcia and Koelling paired water with radiation. They found that the rats later avoided _________.

answer

water with a distinct taste

question

Substances that damage the nervous system are called _________.

answer

neurotoxins

question

If a new behavior appears without reinforcement, it is likely an example of ________.

answer

autoshaping

question

An animal that can learn to perform one trick is sure to learn another trick of similar complexity.

answer

False

question

Keller and Marion Breland are known for their article, _________.

answer

The Misbehavior of Organisms

question

Robert Tryon demonstrated that heredity plays a role in maze learning in rats.

answer

True

question

John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up coins and put them in a bank. It is most likely that _________.

answer

the raccoon was contra prepared to learn this task

question

"The Ape in Our House" was written by _________.

answer

C. Hayes

question

Armadillos curl up into a ball when attacked. Reginald teaches an armadillo to curl up into a ball when a buzzer sounds. Reginald is making use of the phenomenon known as _________.

answer

preparedness

question

Robert Tryon's work demonstrates the role of heredity in _________.

answer

maze learning

question

The psychologist who believed that learned behavior could be inherited was _________.

answer

McDougall

question

Learning is of vital importance because so many problems that face society involve_________.

answer

behavior

question

Efforts to teach chimpanzees to talk probably failed because_________.

answer

chimps lack the biological structures for speech

question

While walking in the woods, Larry happens to stumble across a nest of turkey eggs just as they are hatching. Larry watches the chicks as they emerge from their eggs and begin walking about. As he leaves the nest area, Larry finds the young birds are determined to go with him. Larry's new friends are victims of _________.

answer

imprinting

EXP 3404C Final Exam Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards