Exam 3 Biochem-Lecture 26 – Flashcards

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What are alternates names for

Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

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-Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

-6-Phosphoroglucontate pathway

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Pentose Phosphate Pathway Products include:

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NADPH for reductive biosynthesis

-fatty acids and steroids

Ribose-5-phosphate

-Nucleic Acids

Glycolytic Intermediates

         -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

         -Fructose-6-phosphate

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Higher requirement for NADPH than ribose-5-phosphate

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1) complete oxidation of G6P to CO2

2) resynthesis of G6P and ribulose-5-P.

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Higher requirement for ribose-5-P than NADPH
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G6P is converted to fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P by glycolytic pathway

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Pentose Phosphate Pathway has ...... stages
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2
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway Stage I

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Decarboxylation of hexose to pentose yielding NADPH.

IRREVERSIBLE

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Pentose Phosphate
Pathway
Stage II
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  • Interconversions of pentose-Ps leads to glycolytic intermediates.
  • (REVERSIBLE)
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
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Catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway
Rate limiting step
Uses NADP as a cofactor (reaction generates NADPH)
Highly regulated by NADPH/NADP ratio
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NADPH/NADP ratio = high
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inhibits G6PD
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NADPH/NADP ratio= low
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activates G6PD
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NADPH

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 Primarily uses high energy electrons for biosynthesis:

        –Fatty Acids

         –Steroids

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NADH

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Uses high energy electrons to make energy (ATP via oxidative phosphorylation)
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Functions of NADPH
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Provide high energy electrons for reductive

 biosynthesis

Used as a cofactor by enzymes that deal with

 reactive oxygen species (ROS)

 

These functions cannot be replaced by NADH

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Reactive Oxygen Species
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I.) Superoxide Anion

II.) Hydrogen Peroxide

III.) Hydroxyl Radical

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Superoxide Anion

 

O2-

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------produced biologically by a variety of reactions most notably by “leaky”mitochondrial electron transfer. Electrons can be Transferred from the reduced form of Coenzyme Q to oxygen, thus generating superoxide.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

 

H2O2

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produced by oxidase enzymes.  Very toxic organic peroxides can be formed from 2e- reduction of O2 in compounds containing double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids).
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Hydroxyl Radical

OH-

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produced from a metal catalyzed reaction of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Very reactive species that can take part

in free radical chain reactions.

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Glutathione: A Multifunctional Peptide

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  •  
  • Major cellular reductant and suflhydryl buffer
  • conjugated to drugs to make them more soluble
  • amino acid transport across membranes
  • disulfide interchanges in proteins
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Cellular Defense Against Oxidative Stress
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I.Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-detoxifies superoxide
II. Catalase-heme containing peroxidase that detoxified H2O2
III. There are no known enzymatic systems that deal directly with hydroxyl radicals.  Cells rely on the above two reactions to remove precursors to ROS>
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Cu-ZnSOD (cytoplasmic enzyme)
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enzyme deficiency leads to

severe progressive neurodegenerative disorder: Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gherig’s Disease

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Cytochrome P-450 System
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Liver enzymes detoxify many nasty compounds:

-Drugs

-Steroids

-Alcohols

These enzymes require NADPH as a cofactor.
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Lack of G6PD results in
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  • loss of NADPH production,
  • loss of Glutathione antioxidant system
  • increased oxidative stress,
  • Membrane damage and red blood cell lysis.
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X-linked disease
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is the most common disease causing enzymatic defect in humans (200 million people world wide)

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Hemolytic anemia can be precipitated by:

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  • oxidant drugs (e.g., primaquine)
  • diet (fava beans)
  • infection (induction of NADPH Oxidase).
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G6PD Mutations

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  • Slightly decreased life span (complications from hemolysis).
Many mutations alter G6PD function.
Many alter the Km and Vmax of the enzyme
Some mutations confer resistance to flaciparum malaria
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Drugs that have effect on G6PD
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  • Antibiotics
e.g., sulfamethoxazole
  • Antimalarials
e.g. primaquine, chloroquine
  • Antipyretics
e.g. acetanilide
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Drugs that has no effect on G6PD
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aspirin or acetaminophen
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Glucuronic Acid
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conjugated to endogenous and exogenous compounds producing a strongly acidic compound that is more water soluble at physiological pH than its precursor
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Glucuronic Acid is 

Important in:
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Drug detoxification
Steroid excretion
Bilirubin metabolism
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