Exam 3 Adrenal Hormones – Flashcards
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| What is the outer layer of the adrenal cortex called? |
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| Cortex |
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| What is the inner layer of the adrenal cortex called? |
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| Medulla |
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| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
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| On top of each kidney |
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| List the 3 hormones associated with the Medulla |
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| Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine |
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| List the 3-4 hormones associated with the cortex |
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| Mineralocorticoids/Aldosterone Glucocorticoids/Cortisol DHEAS/Androgens (Testosterone & Estriol) |
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| What is another name for: Mineralocorticoids |
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| Aldosterone |
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| What is another name for: Glucocorticoids |
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| Cortisol |
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| The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones from what type of precursor? |
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| Cholesterol |
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| Aldosterone is controlled by what system? |
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| RAA System (RAS) |
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| Aldosterone is controlled in response to decreased levels of what? |
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| BP or Blood Volume |
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| What is associated with the following: BP, Na & K regulation |
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| Aldosterone |
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| What is associated with the following: Glucose, fat, & protein regulation |
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| Cortisol |
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| What is associated with the following: DHEAS, Testosterone |
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| Androgens |
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| What is critical for Na, K, Acid-Base Balance, & BP |
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| Aldosterone |
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| What is the cause of Primary HYPERaldosteronism? |
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| Adrenal tumors |
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| What is the cause of Secondary HYPERaldosteronism? |
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| Defects in RAA System |
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| In Hypertension, what chemical element is Increased? |
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| Sodium |
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| In Hypokalemia, what 2 chemical elements are Decreased? |
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| Potassium Hydrogen |
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| What disorder are the following symptoms associated with: Fatigue, muscle weakness, metabolic alkalosis |
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| Hypokalemia |
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| What does Too much DHEAS in kids lead to? |
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| Precocious puberty, hair growth, and early development of secondary male sex characteristics in boys |
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| What does Too much DHEAS in women lead to? |
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| Hirsuitism, acne, male pattern baldness, amenorrhea, masculine traits |
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| What does Too much DHEAS in men lead to? |
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| Infertility Feminizing affects |
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| What are 2 causes of Too much DHEAS in women? |
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| Endocrine Disease Anabolic steroid use |
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| True or False: DHEAS is NOT controlled by ACTH |
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| True |
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| True or False: Cortisol is regulated in response to ACTH from Anterior Pituitary |
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| True |
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| What does Cortisol increase? |
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| Fat and protein breakdown |
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| What hormone is critical to glucose metabolism? |
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| Cortisol |
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| What does Cortisol control? |
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| Sodium, water, and other electrolytes BP |
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| What does Cortisol suppress? |
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| Inflammatory and allergic reactions |
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| During times of _____, Cortisol has an effect on heart function |
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| Stress |
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| When is Cortisol Highest? |
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| 8 a.m. |
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| When is Cortisol Lowest? |
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| 8-10 p.m. |
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| What Disease is associated with HYPOcortisolism? |
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| Addison's Disease |
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| What Disease is associated with HYPERcortisolism? |
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| Cushing's Syndrome |
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| What is Addison's Disease / HYPOcortisolism usually due to? |
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| Destruction of gland |
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| The following are consistent with which disease: Autoimmune, TB, HIV, or fungi |
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| Addison's Disease |
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| HYPOcortisolism - Low Sodium and Low Glucose = ? |
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| Weakness, fatigue, weight loss |
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| HYPOcortisolism will have low amounts of what? |
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| Sodium Glucose |
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| HYPOcortisolism will have high amounts of what? |
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| Potassium ACTH |
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| Is skin pigmentation associated with HYPOcortisolism / Addison's Disease? |
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| Yes |
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| HYPERcortisolism - what will cause the following: Increased Cortisol Decreased ACTH |
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| Cortisol-Secreting tumor in the adrenal gland |
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| HYPERcortisolism - what will cause the following: Increased Cortisol Increased ACTH |
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| ACTH-Secreting tumor in the pituitary |
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| Is the following considered primary or secondary: Cortisol-Secreting tumor in the adrenal gland |
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| Primary |
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| Is the following considered primary or secondary: ACTH-Secreting tumor in the pituitary |
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| Secondary |
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| Is the following considered primary or secondary: Prolonged steroid use |
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| Secondary |
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| True or False: HYPERcortisolism alters resistance to stress and inflammation |
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| True |
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| True or False: HYPERcortisolism slows wound healing; inhibiting antibodies |
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| True |
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| What does HYPERcortisolism Increase in the blood? |
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| fatty acids blood sugar |
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| What does HYPERcortisolism Decrease? |
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| Calcium Absorption |
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| True or False: With HYPERcortisolism, no diurnal variation is seen |
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| True |
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| What does Increased Fatty Acids in the blood lead to? |
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| Trunk obesity Moon face Buffalo Hump |
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| What does Increased Blood Sugar lead to? |
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| Obesity Hyperglycemia Polydipsia Glycosuria |
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| What does Decreased Calcium Absorption lead to? |
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| Osteoporosis |
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| What is the following associated with: Thinning skin with discoloration, striae, and bruising |
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| HYPERcortisolism |
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| What are 2 tests that you can run for HYPERcortisolism? |
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| ACH Levels 24 Hour Urine Cortisol |
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| Define "The Full Monty" |
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| Over-production of all adrenal cortex hormones |
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| The following are consistent with too much what? Hyperglycemia Moon Face Buffalo Hump Central Obesity |
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| Cortisol |
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| The following are consistent with too much what? Dehydration Thirst Increased Sodium Increased BP |
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| Aldosterone |
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| The following are consistent with too much what? Amenorrhea & Hirsuitism in women Muscular hypertrophy in young kids Infertility in males |
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| Androgens |
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| As Sodium Rises, with too much aldosterone, what happens to Potassium? |
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| Falls |
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| As Sodium Rises and Potassium falls, with too much aldosterone, what happens? |
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| Muscle Weakness |
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| What controls the Adrenal Medulla? |
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| Nervous system Body's response to stress, emotion, physical activity, and low glucose levels |
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| What does the Adrenal Medulla produce? |
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| Catecholamines |
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| What are the 3 Catecholamines produced in the Adrenal Medulla? |
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| Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine |
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| What does Norepinephrine cause in response to a decrease in BP? |
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| Vasoconstriction of small vessels |
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| Norepinephrine causes Vasoconstriction of small vessels in response to a Decrease in what? |
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| Blood Pressure |
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| Norepinephrine causes Vasoconstriction of small vessels in response to a Decrease or Increase in Blood Pressure? |
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| Decrease |
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| Epinephrine mobilizes energy stores to do what? |
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| Raise Blood Glucose Levels |
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| What does Epinephrine Increase? |
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| Heart Rate Respiration |
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| What is secreted in HIGH levels during stress or fear? |
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| Epinephrine |
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| What is considered the "Fight or Flight" Hormone? |
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| Epinephrine |
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| What type of production does Epinephrine have? |
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| RAPID 20 seconds |
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| What type of effect does Epinephrine have? |
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| Only lasts 1-2 minutes |
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| Hyperactivity of catecholamines may be caused by what? |
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| Emotions/Stress Drugs Food Tumors |
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| Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine --> Metanephrine --> ? |
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| Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) |
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| Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Normetanephrine --> ? |
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| Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) |
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| Define Pheochromocytoma |
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| Catecholamine producing tumor |
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| What lab tests do you perform on Pheochromocytoma? |
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| Urinary Metanephrines VMA |
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| True or False: Pheochromocytoma - Measuring serum catecholamines is LESS reliable due to short half-life and because levels will be NORMAL between spells |
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| True |
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| "Spells" of what are associated with Pheochromocytoma? |
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| Hypertension Headache Dizziness Pallor Sweating Abdominal Pain |
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| List the hormones made in the adrenal cortex: |
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| cortisol, aldosterone, androgens |
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| List the hormones made in the adrenal medulla: |
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| catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepi.) |
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| Name the precursor substance for ALL the adrenal cortex hormones. |
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| Cholesterol |
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| What primary mechanism controls aldosterone production? |
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| RAA System |
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| what substance does RAA cause to be absorbed in the tubules? |
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| Sodium Reabsoption |
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| At what time of day are cortisol levels highest? |
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| AM |
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| At what time of day are cortisol levels lowest? |
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| PM |
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| What hormone is the primary regulator of cortisol? |
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| ACTH from the pituitary gland |
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| List three causes of Cushing's syndrome. |
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| Adrenal tumor (primary) Pituitary tumor (secondary) Excess cortisol administration (secondary) |
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| Indicate if the following results will be Increased, Decreased, or Normal in Cushing's: Na: K: Glucose: Calcium: Fatty Acids: |
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| Sodium: high Potassium: low Glucose: high Calcium: low Fatty acids: high |
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| What is the result of excess androgens in women? |
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| Amenorrhea, hirsuitism, virilization |
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| List the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla |
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| Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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| Which hormone from the medulla serves to raise BP, respiration, and blood sugar? |
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| Epinephrine |
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| List the catecholamine metabolites that are most frequently tested for in urine |
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| VMA |
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| Name the type of tumor associated with catecholamine excesses |
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| Pheochromacytoma |
