Exam 2 Microbiology – Flashcards

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Bacteriophage (phage)
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A virus that infects bacteria.
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Virus
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A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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Prion
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An infectious protein particle
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Examples of Prions
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Kuru, Scrapie, Mad cow disease, Cruetzfeld-Jakob disease, Gertsman-Straussler Syndrome and fatal familial insomnia
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Complex virus
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Any virus that has additional structures (like feet)
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Lysogeny –
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State in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis.
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Lytic
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Phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis/death.
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Fomite
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A nonliving object that can spread infection.
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Acute infection
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An infection in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time.
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Inapparent infection
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An infection that does not cause a noticeable illness (subclinical) CARRIER
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Chronic infection
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An illness that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods.
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Primary infection
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Acute infection that causes the initial infection
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Secondary infection
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An infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses.
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Persistent infection
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A disease process that gradually builds up and progresses over a period of time.
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Epidemiology
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The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.
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Symptom
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A change in body function that is FELT by the patient as a result of disease SUBJECTIVE
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Sign
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A change due to a disease that can be OBSERVED or MEASURED
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Incidence
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Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time.
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Endemic
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A disease that is constantly present in the population
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Pandemic
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Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide.
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Epidemic
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A disease acquired my many hosts in a given area in a short period of time.
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Endotoxin
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Part of the outer portion of the cell wall (Lipid A) of most Gram-negative bacteria; released on destruction of the cell.
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Innate immunity
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Host defenses that afford protection against of any kind of pathogen.
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Margination
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The process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of blood vessels.
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Diapedesis
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The process by which phagocytes move out of blood.
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What bacteria normally live in the human intestine?
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Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, Candida(fungus), Clostridium difficile. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes.
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What food products does Lactobacillus aid us in making?
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Cheese, yogurt, rye bread, sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk
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parts of a virus and where they are located
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Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA never both, Capsid: Protein coat made up of capsomeres, only found in some: Envelope: Developed when the virus lyses the cell. Spikes: Usually found with-in the envelope.
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Hallmark of Bdellovibrio?
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Attacks other gram negative bacteria
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All facts about Staphylococcus aureus?
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Phylum Firmuculates, Bacillales order, Gram-positive yellow pigmented colonies, facultative anaerobes, naturally occurring on our skin, in nostrils. Like high salt/OP & low moisture. Major problems in hospitals w/wounds. High levels of antibiotic resistance. Produces an enterotoxin that causes vomiting and nausea. TSS, food poisoning.
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What are spore producing anaerobe that overgrows after a strong course of antibiotics?
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Clostridium difficile
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Which group has efflux pumps? why?
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Pseudomondales; antibiotic resistance
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Which bacteria lack a cell wall?
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Mycoplasma
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What makes a bacteria a spirochete?
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Possess axial filaments (endoflagella)
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How are chlamydias and rickettsias different?
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Rickettsia - transmitted by ticks, reproduce by binary fission, bacillus shaped, causes increased blood vessel permeability
Chlamydia - transmitted by contact, reproduce through reticulate bodies, coccus shaped, contagious portion is elementary body
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E. coli classification
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Bacteria-No Kingdom-Proteobacteria-
Gammaproteobacteria-Enterobacteriales-
Enterobacteriaceae-Escherichia-E. Coli
GRAM NEGATIVE, bacillus shaped, facultative anaerobe
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Which bacteria are responsible for most infections and most different kind of infections?
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Streptococcus (S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. mutans, S. agalactiae)
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Which animal transmit malariaa?
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Anophelous mosquito
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What are the reason for difficulty establishing the etiology of cancer?
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a. Cancer may not develop until long (25-35 yrs) after a viral infection that caused it
b. Cancer does not seem to be contagious & viral diseases usually are
c. Some viruses do not cause cancer at all.
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What is the most common accidental AIDS exposure with health care workers?
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needle/syringe stick which is a fomite
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Ways to culture viruses?
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in living animals, in embyonated eggs, in cell cultures
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What is special about Caulobacter?
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Prosthecae (stalks)
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Which bacteria causes stomach cancer?
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Helicobacter pylori
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Fungi facts?
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Chemoheterotrophic, unicellular, low moisture, high salt, acidic environment EUKARYA
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Stages of Lytic cycle?
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a. Attachment: Phage attaches to host cell.
b. Penetration: Phage penetrates host cell and injects the DNA.
c. Biosynthesis: Phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell.
d. Maturation: Viral components are assembled into virions.
e. Release: Host cell lyses, and new virions are released
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Lytic cycle definition?
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Cycle ends with death of host cell
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Acute
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Short lived but with a sharp spike.
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Latent disease and example
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dormant in the body; patient is asymptomatic
Chicken pox to shingles
Herpes to cold sores
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Persistent disease and example
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Gradually progresses over a long period of time then suddenly causes death.
Measles to SSPE
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Example of fomites in the hospital
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EVERYTHING except patient
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What is the major significance of Koch's Postulates?
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Used to prove that microorganisms cause disease
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Problems with Koch's Postulates?
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1) Some pathogens cause more than 1 disease (Streptococcus pyogenes)
2) Some pathogens only cause disease in humans
3) Not all diseases are cause my microorganisms
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What is the percentage of hospital patients that will get a nosocomial infection?
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5-15%
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Most common nosocomial infection?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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32% of nosocomial infections?
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Urinary Tract infections
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22% of nosocomial infections?
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Surgical site infections
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15% of nosocomial infections?
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Lower respiratory infections
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14% of nosocomial infections?
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Blood stream infections
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17% of nosocomial infections?
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Other
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Patients will develop nosocomial infections if...?
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Be present in the hospital setting
Have a compromised host
It is in the proper point in the chain of transmission
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5 stages of disease?
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incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence
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Stage of disease when fever is the highest?
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Period of illness
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Where does an endotoxin come from?
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They are a part of gram negative cell walls. The Lipid A portion of the LPS layer.
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What are siderophores?
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Protiens secreted from pathogens that bind up protein in the host cell.
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What is the parenteral route?
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Portal of entry directly deposited into the tissues beneath the skin
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Most frequent portal of entry?
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Respiratory tract mucus membranes
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Physical factors protecting skin?
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Skin
Mucous membrane
mucous
ciliary escalator
lacrimal apparatus
saliva
urine
vaginal secretions
peristalsis, vomiting, defecating
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WBC that are the most phagocytic?
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Neutrophil
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WBC associated with parasitic infections?
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Eosinophil
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WBC associated with histamine?
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Basophil
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Which complement proteins are involved in cytolysis?
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C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
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What are the effects of complement activation?
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Opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation
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What viruses cause Hepatitis B?
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Hep B Hepanaviridae
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Blood poisoning?
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Sepsis
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Which complement proteins are involved in opsonization?
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C3b
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Which complement proteins are involved in inflammation?
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C3a & C5a
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What bacteria are diplococci shaped?
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Neisseria gonorrhea
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What are the effects of histamine?
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Inflammation blood vessel permeability, chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
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Hemoflagellates cause what genus of bacteria
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Trypansoma
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What is Giardia lambia?
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Protozoa, intestinal parasite that has a ventral sucker and releases oocysts - found in contaminated water
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What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Protozoa with undulating membrane, no mitochondria and creates a frothy, nasty smell
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What is Plasmodium vivax?
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Causative agent of malaria. Intermediate host is human, definitive host is mosquito
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What bacteria is associated with undercooked shellfish? What is the shape?
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Vibrionales; curved (C)
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What bacteria is able to survive in disinfectant?
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Burkholderia
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What bacteria is associated with restaurant grade poultry?
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Camphylobacter Jejuni
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