Exam 2 Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Bacteriophage (phage) |
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| A virus that infects bacteria. |
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| Virus |
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| A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. |
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| Prion |
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| An infectious protein particle |
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| Examples of Prions |
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| Kuru, Scrapie, Mad cow disease, Cruetzfeld-Jakob disease, Gertsman-Straussler Syndrome and fatal familial insomnia |
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| Complex virus |
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| Any virus that has additional structures (like feet) |
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| Lysogeny – |
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| State in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis. |
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| Lytic |
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| Phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis/death. |
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| Fomite |
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| A nonliving object that can spread infection. |
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| Acute infection |
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| An infection in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time. |
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| Inapparent infection |
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| An infection that does not cause a noticeable illness (subclinical) CARRIER |
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| Chronic infection |
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| An illness that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods. |
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| Primary infection |
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| Acute infection that causes the initial infection |
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| Secondary infection |
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| An infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses. |
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| Persistent infection |
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| A disease process that gradually builds up and progresses over a period of time. |
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| Epidemiology |
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| The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted. |
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| Symptom |
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| A change in body function that is FELT by the patient as a result of disease SUBJECTIVE |
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| Sign |
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| A change due to a disease that can be OBSERVED or MEASURED |
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| Incidence |
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| Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time. |
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| Endemic |
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| A disease that is constantly present in the population |
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| Pandemic |
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| Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide. |
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| Epidemic |
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| A disease acquired my many hosts in a given area in a short period of time. |
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| Endotoxin |
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| Part of the outer portion of the cell wall (Lipid A) of most Gram-negative bacteria; released on destruction of the cell. |
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| Innate immunity |
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| Host defenses that afford protection against of any kind of pathogen. |
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| Margination |
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| The process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of blood vessels. |
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| Diapedesis |
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| The process by which phagocytes move out of blood. |
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| What bacteria normally live in the human intestine? |
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| Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, Candida(fungus), Clostridium difficile. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes. |
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| What food products does Lactobacillus aid us in making? |
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| Cheese, yogurt, rye bread, sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk |
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| parts of a virus and where they are located |
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| Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA never both, Capsid: Protein coat made up of capsomeres, only found in some: Envelope: Developed when the virus lyses the cell. Spikes: Usually found with-in the envelope. |
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| Hallmark of Bdellovibrio? |
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| Attacks other gram negative bacteria |
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| All facts about Staphylococcus aureus? |
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| Phylum Firmuculates, Bacillales order, Gram-positive yellow pigmented colonies, facultative anaerobes, naturally occurring on our skin, in nostrils. Like high salt/OP & low moisture. Major problems in hospitals w/wounds. High levels of antibiotic resistance. Produces an enterotoxin that causes vomiting and nausea. TSS, food poisoning. |
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| What are spore producing anaerobe that overgrows after a strong course of antibiotics? |
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| Clostridium difficile |
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| Which group has efflux pumps? why? |
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| Pseudomondales; antibiotic resistance |
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| Which bacteria lack a cell wall? |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| What makes a bacteria a spirochete? |
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| Possess axial filaments (endoflagella) |
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| How are chlamydias and rickettsias different? |
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| Rickettsia - transmitted by ticks, reproduce by binary fission, bacillus shaped, causes increased blood vessel permeability Chlamydia - transmitted by contact, reproduce through reticulate bodies, coccus shaped, contagious portion is elementary body |
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| E. coli classification |
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| Bacteria-No Kingdom-Proteobacteria- Gammaproteobacteria-Enterobacteriales- Enterobacteriaceae-Escherichia-E. Coli GRAM NEGATIVE, bacillus shaped, facultative anaerobe |
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| Which bacteria are responsible for most infections and most different kind of infections? |
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| Streptococcus (S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. mutans, S. agalactiae) |
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| Which animal transmit malariaa? |
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| Anophelous mosquito |
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| What are the reason for difficulty establishing the etiology of cancer? |
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| a. Cancer may not develop until long (25-35 yrs) after a viral infection that caused it b. Cancer does not seem to be contagious & viral diseases usually are c. Some viruses do not cause cancer at all. |
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| What is the most common accidental AIDS exposure with health care workers? |
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| needle/syringe stick which is a fomite |
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| Ways to culture viruses? |
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| in living animals, in embyonated eggs, in cell cultures |
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| What is special about Caulobacter? |
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| Prosthecae (stalks) |
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| Which bacteria causes stomach cancer? |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
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| Fungi facts? |
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| Chemoheterotrophic, unicellular, low moisture, high salt, acidic environment EUKARYA |
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| Stages of Lytic cycle? |
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| a. Attachment: Phage attaches to host cell. b. Penetration: Phage penetrates host cell and injects the DNA. c. Biosynthesis: Phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell. d. Maturation: Viral components are assembled into virions. e. Release: Host cell lyses, and new virions are released |
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| Lytic cycle definition? |
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| Cycle ends with death of host cell |
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| Acute |
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| Short lived but with a sharp spike. |
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| Latent disease and example |
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| dormant in the body; patient is asymptomatic Chicken pox to shingles Herpes to cold sores |
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| Persistent disease and example |
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| Gradually progresses over a long period of time then suddenly causes death. Measles to SSPE |
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| Example of fomites in the hospital |
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| EVERYTHING except patient |
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| What is the major significance of Koch's Postulates? |
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| Used to prove that microorganisms cause disease |
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| Problems with Koch's Postulates? |
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| 1) Some pathogens cause more than 1 disease (Streptococcus pyogenes) 2) Some pathogens only cause disease in humans 3) Not all diseases are cause my microorganisms |
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| What is the percentage of hospital patients that will get a nosocomial infection? |
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| 5-15% |
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| Most common nosocomial infection? |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| 32% of nosocomial infections? |
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| Urinary Tract infections |
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| 22% of nosocomial infections? |
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| Surgical site infections |
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| 15% of nosocomial infections? |
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| Lower respiratory infections |
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| 14% of nosocomial infections? |
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| Blood stream infections |
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| 17% of nosocomial infections? |
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| Other |
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| Patients will develop nosocomial infections if...? |
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| Be present in the hospital setting Have a compromised host It is in the proper point in the chain of transmission |
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| 5 stages of disease? |
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| incubation period prodromal period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence |
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| Stage of disease when fever is the highest? |
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| Period of illness |
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| Where does an endotoxin come from? |
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| They are a part of gram negative cell walls. The Lipid A portion of the LPS layer. |
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| What are siderophores? |
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| Protiens secreted from pathogens that bind up protein in the host cell. |
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| What is the parenteral route? |
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| Portal of entry directly deposited into the tissues beneath the skin |
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| Most frequent portal of entry? |
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| Respiratory tract mucus membranes |
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| Physical factors protecting skin? |
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| Skin Mucous membrane mucous ciliary escalator lacrimal apparatus saliva urine vaginal secretions peristalsis, vomiting, defecating |
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| WBC that are the most phagocytic? |
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| Neutrophil |
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| WBC associated with parasitic infections? |
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| Eosinophil |
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| WBC associated with histamine? |
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| Basophil |
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| Which complement proteins are involved in cytolysis? |
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| C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 |
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| What are the effects of complement activation? |
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| Opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation |
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| What viruses cause Hepatitis B? |
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| Hep B Hepanaviridae |
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| Blood poisoning? |
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| Sepsis |
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| Which complement proteins are involved in opsonization? |
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| C3b |
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| Which complement proteins are involved in inflammation? |
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| C3a & C5a |
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| What bacteria are diplococci shaped? |
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| Neisseria gonorrhea |
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| What are the effects of histamine? |
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| Inflammation blood vessel permeability, chemotactic attraction of phagocytes |
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| Hemoflagellates cause what genus of bacteria |
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| Trypansoma |
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| What is Giardia lambia? |
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| Protozoa, intestinal parasite that has a ventral sucker and releases oocysts - found in contaminated water |
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| What is Trichomonas vaginalis? |
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| Protozoa with undulating membrane, no mitochondria and creates a frothy, nasty smell |
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| What is Plasmodium vivax? |
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| Causative agent of malaria. Intermediate host is human, definitive host is mosquito |
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| What bacteria is associated with undercooked shellfish? What is the shape? |
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| Vibrionales; curved (C) |
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| What bacteria is able to survive in disinfectant? |
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| Burkholderia |
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| What bacteria is associated with restaurant grade poultry? |
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| Camphylobacter Jejuni |
