Exam #2 Chapters 5-11 – Flashcards
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Describe Connective tissue
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more matrix than cell volume, specialized to support, bind and protect organs
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What are some organs made of connective tissue?
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tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood
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Describe Nervous tissue
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contains excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
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Give an example of an organ with nervous tissue
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brain, nerves, spinal cord
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Describe Muscular tissue
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tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells, specialized for contraction.
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What are some of the functions of Epithelial tissue?
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Secretion, Protection, absorption, filtration, sensation
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True or False: There are blood vessels in epithelia
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False
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Does Epithelial Tissue have a high mitosis rate?
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Yes
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What membrane lies between epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
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Basement membrane
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What are the 4 kinds of Simple Epithelia?
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Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified
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Describe Simple Squamous cells
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thin and scaly
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Describe simple cuboidal cells
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cube shaped, tight packing, glandular functions,
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describe simple columnar cells
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tall and narrow, consists of goblet cells
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describe psuedostratified columnar cells
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not all cells reach surface, also consists of goblet cells
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What are the 4 kinds of Stratified epithelia?
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Stratified squamous(keritanized & non keritanized), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar(rare), transitional
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Exfoliation/Desquamation:
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separation from the surface
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Keratinized/cornified
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found in epidermis, covered w/ a layer of compact dead squamous cells filled w/ keratin & packed w/ water repellent glycolipid
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Non keratinized
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no layer of dead cells, moist, slippery, abrasion resistant
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What does ectoderm develop into?
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nervous system & skin glands, epidermis, some blood vessels
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What does endoderm develop into?
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lining of lungs and glands of the gut
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What tissue lines the trachea?
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pseudostratified columnar epithelial
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Ligament
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bone to bone
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Tendon
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muscle to bone
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Osteocytes
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cells that make up bones
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Chondrocytes
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cells in lacunae of cartilage
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Difference between secretion and excretion:
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secreted materials have a physiological function and excretion removes waste from body
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What does Mesoderm develop into?
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dermis of skin, muscle, blood, connective tissue
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Where does gas exchange occur?
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Capillaries
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Where does filtration occur?
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Glomerular capsule
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Where are some places you can find simple squamous epithelium?
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alveoli, blood vessels, serous membrane of organs, glomerular capsule
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What structure holds cells to basement membrane
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desmosomes
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Endothelial Functions:
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hormonal functions, contraction, inflammation and permeability, clot prevention
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Simple Squamous Epithelium lining all blood vessels consists of what cells
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Endothelial cells
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Simple cuboidal epithelium functions:
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protection, secretion and reabsorption
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This tissue secretes digestive enzymes and helps with nutrient absorption
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Function of goblet cells:
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make mucus to lubricate passage of materials
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What tissues have cilia and goblet cells?
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Simple Columnar Epithelium, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Why would cilia be important in the airway?
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Push bacteria out of lungs
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what are some places on the body are covered by Stratified Squamous Epithelium-nonkeratinized
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vagina, mouth, anus, esophogus
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Why would the lower urinary tract and part of umbilical cord consist of transitional epithelium?
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Transitional Epithelium allows tissues to stretch better
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Embryogenesis:
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development of tissues and organs
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Are connective tissues derived from Mesoderm, Ectoderm, or Endoderm?
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Mesoderm
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Name the 10 types of connective tissue.
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Dense Regular CT, Dense Irregular CT, Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose, Hyalin Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Bone, Blood
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How is connective tissue spacing different from that of epithelial cells?
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cells occupy less space and usually aren't in direct contact w/eachother
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What tissues are categorized as Dense CT?
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Dense Regular CT, Dense Irregular CT
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What tissues are categorized as Loose CT?
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Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose
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What types of tissues are called fibrous or fibroconnective?
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Dense Irregular CT, Dense Regular CT, Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose CT
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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Hyalin, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
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What tissue appears in ligaments and tendons and looks like it's lined in perfect rows.
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Dense Regular CT
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What tissue is arranged in different directions and allows skin to be pulled on from different directions without tearing?
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Dense Irregular CT
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What tissue is found under basement membranes and is rich in collagen?
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Areolar CT
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What organ is Reticular CT found in?
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Spleen
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Where can you find chondrocytes?
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Lacunae
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What tissue connects the ribs to the sternum and can be found on the end of your nose?
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Hyalin Cartilage
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What tissue contains more elastin, less collagen and is found in the ear?
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Elastic Cartilage
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What tissue makes up the discs in the spine and is made of collagen?
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Fibrocartilage
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What tissue is made of osteocytes
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bone
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What CT is fluid?
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Blood,erythrocytes, lymphocytes, platelets
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Erythrocytes:
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red blood cells
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Fibril:
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overlapping collagen fibers
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What tissue is turned to bone as an adult?
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Hyalin cartilage
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Perichondrium surrounds what?
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Cartilage
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What do osteoblasts do?
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build bone
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What do osteoclasts do?
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erode bone
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True or False: Nuclei in dense regular ct are located between fibers
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True
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True or False: smooth muscle is striated
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false
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True or False: You can't grow more muscle cells, but they can grow in size
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True
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What do desmosomes attach together?
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cells to cells
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True or False: Endocrine glands release hormones into blood
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true
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Where and how do exocrine glands release hormones?
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Out of body via glands
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Name some functions of CT
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binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
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Describe Fibroblasts:
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large cells that produce fibers ; ground substance in CT
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What fibers are created by fibroblasts?
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collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
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Describe collagen:
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most abundant protein, tough, flexible, resists stretching, white color, functions out of the cell
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What is"stronger than steel by weight"?
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collagen
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Describe Elastic fibers:
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stretchy, yellow color, found in skin, lungs ; arteries
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What causes age lines in our skin?
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lack of elastic fibers
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Describe Reticular fibers:
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thin collagen fibers coated w/ glycoprotein
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The spleen and lymph nodes are formed by what fiber?
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Reticular fibers
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Are there any blood vessels in collagen?
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No
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What tissue does this description match: loose organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, seemingly a lot of empty space, mostly collagen fibers, varies in density, contains all CT cells types and all CT fibers?
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Areolar CT
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What tissue does this description match: reticular fibers, fibroblasts, forms lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow?
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Reticular CT
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What tissue does this description match: collagen fibers are closely packed, fibers are parallel to each other, found in tendons, ligaments, fibroblasts and few blood vessels?
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Dense Regular CT
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In which tissue are adipocytes abundant?
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Adipose Tissue
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What tissue does this description match: thick bundles of collagen running in random directions, found in dermis, kidneys spleen, leaves little room for cells and ground substance?
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Dense Irregular CT
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Leukocytes:
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white blood cells
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Do anucleate red blood cells have a nucleus?
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No
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When white blood cells divide too fast you have this disease:
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leukemia
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What do lipoproteins carry?
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cholestoral
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What proteins remove pathogens?
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immunoglobins
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What breaks down clots?
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Plasmin
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What does fibrinogen do?
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helps clot
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Are platelets a cellular component?
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no
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What do these items make up: heparin, salts/minerals, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, hyaluronic acid of joints?
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Ground Substance
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What jello-like substance is a shock absorber, insulates and fills space around cells?
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Ground substance
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Which type of fat is more abundant?
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White(can be called yellow too)
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Which type of fat can be described as a single, large, globule of triglyceride?
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White Fat
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Which type of fat stores lipid in multiple globules rather than 1 large one?
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Brown fat
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6% of a baby's weight is made up of what?
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Brown fat
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Which fat has an abundance of blood vessels and generates heat?
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Brown fat
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Which fat provides thermal insulation, & cushions and anchors organs?
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White fat
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What do Chondroblasts produce?
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Cartilage
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Which cartilage is made up of collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and a proteoglycan core?
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hyalin cartilage
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What fibrous sheath are all bones wrapped in?
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Periosteum
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Osseous tissue
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bone
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What limits the healing rate of broken bones?
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How fast nutrients can get to the cell
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Which bone has a hollow space filled with red or yellow marrow?
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Spongy bone
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What is the ground substance in blood known as?
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Blood plasma
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What cells are "excitable"?
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myocytes & neurons
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True or false: depolariztion can be used to promote changes in intracellular function?
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true
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Do "excitable cells create a self-propagating wave of depolarization that moves across the plasma membrane?
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yes
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What tissue consists of excitable neurons and non-excitable supportive cells?
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Nervous Tissue
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Name 4 parts of a neuron.
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Dendrite, soma, axon, synapse
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What is the function of a dendrite?
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Carries info to the nucleus
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Where does the nucleus of a neuron sit?
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soma
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Describe the axon of a neuron.
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single, long extension from cell body
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What part of a neuron allows information to move from cell to cell?
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Synapse
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Why do neurons need supportive glial cells?
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they quicken reactions, maintain neurons
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True or false: there are more neurons than glial cells
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false
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What tissue is derived from the primordial ectoderm?
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Neural tissue
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True or false: Neural tissue is composed of two types of cell.
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True, neurons and glial cells
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Define Synaptic Transmission:
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mechanism that permits a neuron to send its action potential to a second cell
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Define Synaptic cleft:
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space between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
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What cell type produces the extracellular protein collagen?
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Fibroblast
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Negative charges and a loose fitting amino acid sequence allow what type of connective tissue fibers to stretch?
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Elastin
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True or False: The ectodermal layer is the embryonic source of blood?
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False: mesoderm creates blood
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True or False: striations in muscle tissue allow for contractions
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true
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Which muscle type has multiple nuclei within a myofiber?
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skeletal
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Which muscle types have striations?
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Cardiac & skeletal
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Which muscle type has intercalated discs?
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Cardiac
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True or False: Cardiac muscle can have 1 or 2 nuclei in each cell?
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true
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Are fibroblasts inbetween collagen fibers in dense regular ct?
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yes
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Which muscle type comes in sheets and has only 1 nuclei per cell?
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Smooth muscle
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What filaments allow muscle to be shortened?
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actin and mysoin
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Which muscle type is voluntary?
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skeletal
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Which muscle types are involuntary?
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cardiac, smooth
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Which muscle types have multiple mitochondria and have a short period of contraction?
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Skeletal and cardiac
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Which muscle type has long contractions and few mitochondria?
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Smooth muscle
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
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True or false: striations in muscle tissue result from parallel orientation of myosin and actin
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true
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True or false: you become stronger because your body creates more muscle fibers
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false
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True or false: force comes from the number of myofibers recruited.
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true
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What are the 4 main types of cell-cell connection?
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tight junction, desmosome, hemidesmosome, gap junction
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Which cell-cell connection completely encircles an epithelial cell and joins it tightly to it's neighboring cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins?
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Tight junctions
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Which cell-cell junction can be described as a patch that holds cells together, and is found in the epidermis, cervix, and cardiac muscle?
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Desmosome
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What cell-cell connection connects the deepest layer of cells to the basement membrane?
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Hemidesmosome
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What cell-cell connection is found in cardiac and most smooth muscle,connects the cytoplasm of one cell to another and is formed by a connexon?
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Tight junction
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True or false: the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands.
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True
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Name an example of a simple coiled tubular exocrine gland
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Sweat gland
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Name an example of a simple branched tubular exocrine gland
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Gastric Gland
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Name an example of a simple acinar exocrine gland
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Glands of penile urethra
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Name an example of a compound tubular exocrine gland
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kidney
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Name an example of a compound acinar exocrine gland
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mammary gland
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Name an example of a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland
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Pancreas
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What tissue consists of layers of flat cells that lack keratin?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-keratinized
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What tissue consists of cells that have cilia and an elongated shape with all cells contact with basement membrane, but irregular nuclei arrangement?
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Name the three primary germ layers.
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Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
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Integument consists of what two parts.
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Epidermis, dermis
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What underlying layer supports the epidermis and dermis?
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hypodermis
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What does the hypodermis consist of of?
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Adipose CT, subcutaneous fat
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Another word for skin.
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Integument
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Are blood vessels found in the epidermis?
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No
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What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
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Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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Which layer of the epidermis produces melanocytes?
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Stratum basale
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What does the protein melanin do for us?
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protects underlying cells from uv radiation and absorbs light
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Another word for Pallor
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pale
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another word for blushing
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erythema
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What color does carotene appear as?
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orange
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What color is jaundice associated with?
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yellow
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What is hemangioma?
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benign tumor of blood vessel
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What color is cyanosis associated with?
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blue
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What is Albinism?
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Medical condition defined by an absence of melanin pigment
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Define dermatology.
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the study of the skin
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What is the official term for stretch marks?
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Striae
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Why are the elderly, infants, and anorexics often cold?
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Less fat
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Why do females need more fat than males?
answer
the possibility of pregnancy
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Name 5 types of glands found in the integument we learned in class.
answer
1. sebaceous, 2. Apocrine, 3. Merocrine(eccrine), 4. Mammary, 5. Ceruminous
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What type of gland produces the oil in your ear?
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Ceruminous
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What type of gland secretes oils and dead cells into your hair follicle?
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Sebaceous
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
answer
Merocrine(eccrine) ; apocrine
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Which sweat gland is responsible for scent?
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Apocrine
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Excessive sweating is known as?
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Diaphoresis
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Bromhidrosis
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condition of abnormal or offensive body odour, to a large extent determined by apocrine gland secretion
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Another word for inflamation
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rubor
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Define Vellum hair.
answer
hair that appears on most of your body
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What are some examples of Vibrissae hair?
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big hairs/whiskers/nose hairs
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What is lanugo hair?
answer
hair that appears on a fetus and a newborn baby's body
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What is terminal hair?
answer
hair that appears after puberty
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What are some things the arrector pili muscle does?
answer
moves hair up to insulate skin, goosebumps
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Eponychium is also known as what?
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cuticle
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What is the hyponychium?
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The skin under the free Edge, Attatched to the nail
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Define hypoxia.
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oxygen deficient
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Name three types of skin cancer.
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Basal Cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
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Which skin cancer is the most dangerous, but least common?
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Malignant Melanoma
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What does the acronym ABCD stand for when considering skin cancer?
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Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Color, Diameter
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Which skin cancer arises from the stratum spinosum, and sometimes metastasizes to the lymph nodes?
answer
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Which skin cancer arises from the stratum basale and rarely metastasize?
answer
Basale Cell Carcinoma
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What does the A in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
answer
Asymmetry
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What does the B in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Border Irregularity
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What does the C in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Color
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What does the D in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Diameter
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What is pus?
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Bacteria that the body has killed
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Define Angiogenesis.
answer
formation of new blood vessels
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What is the 1st part of a scar?
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granulation tissue
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True or False: The wound is critical if over 10% of the area has 3rd degree burns
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True
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True or False: If the over 25% of the area has second degree wounds it's not critical.
answer
False
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True or False: If there are any 3rd degree burns on the hands, face or feet a wound is critical.
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True
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True or False: Cells in the Stratum Lucidum and Cornea have no DNA and cannot become cancerous.
answer
True
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True or False: UV light damages the regions of DNA that make proteins that control cell division rates
answer
true
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Define Hematopoiesis.
answer
Process of Blood cell formation
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Where does Hematopoiesis occur?
answer
In the bones
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What is hydroxyapatite?
answer
Calcium Phosphate ; calcium carbonate
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What structure consists of Hydroxyapatite and collagen?
answer
bones
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What are the four classes of bone?
answer
Long, short, irregular, flat
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Give an example of a long bone.
answer
Ulna, radius, femur
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Give an example of a short bone.
answer
Talus, capitate
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Give an example of a flat bone.
answer
Scapula, sternum
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Give an example of a irregular bone.
answer
Vertebrae, sphenoid bone
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What bone marrow do flat and spongy bones produce?
answer
Red
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What are three characteristics of flat and spongy bones?
answer
Red marrow, hematopoiesis, trabeculae
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What bone characteristic allows compression and supports sheets of bones?
answer
Trabeculae
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What type of bone contains yellow marrow?
answer
Long and hollow bones
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Does the location of hematopoiesis change with age?
answer
yes
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Does bone stress stimulate osteoblast or osteoclast activity?
answer
osteoblast
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Why do bones have a hollow core?
answer
The hollowness keeps bones light
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What is a osteocyte?
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Bone cell
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True or false: bone cells can be found in lacunae
answer
true
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Define lamellae.
answer
Concentric rings around central canal in osteon
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Define Canaliculi.
answer
Small canals or cracks in the matrix that allow for diffusion on the tissue level of bones. These tiny channels allow osteocytes to communicate with each other.
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Does flat bone have lamellae?
answer
no
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What is the epiphyseal plate known for?
answer
Growth plate
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What is the purpose of a medullary cavity in bones?
answer
Fill with fat and yellow marrow, helps bone flex
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What part of a long bone allows for articulation?
answer
Epiphyseal ends
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What is the middle of the long bone called?
answer
Diaphysis
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Where on the bone are osteoblasts more often found?
answer
lacunae
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Where on the bone are osteoclasts more often found?
answer
surface of bone
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Why is it dangerous for the bones to be too hard at birth?
answer
Bones would break during birth
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What are the three methods of ossification?
answer
Endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification, ectopic ossification
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What happens during endochondral ossification?
answer
bone matrix is deposited where the hyalin cartilage was and eventually the growth plate closes
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What is atherosclerosis?
answer
hardening of arteries because of plaque build up
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What happens during intramembranous ossification?
answer
bone replacing mesenchyme tissue
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Which method of ossification is abnormal, unhealthy, may indicate a hormonal imbalance and can lead to infection/irritation?
answer
Ectopic ossification
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What do you call the place where the epiphysis and diaphysis converge?
answer
Metaphysis
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Which bones form as a set of trabeculae within fibrous connective tissues?
answer
Flat bones
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Hypocalcemia
answer
low blood calcium
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Hypercalcemia
answer
high blood calcium
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What are some actions of calcium in the body?
answer
Muscle contraction, Nerve cell function, Bone formation
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Which 3 hormones regulate the levels of calcium in the body?
answer
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and Calcitonin
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How does calcitonin work regulate calcium levels?
answer
Lowers Calcium levels in the body via kidney
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How does the parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels?
answer
absorbs it from intestine
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How does vitamin D regulate calcium levels?
answer
absorbs it from bones
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Can exocytosis and muscle contraction happen with insufficient Calcium levels in cytosol or plasma?
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No
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What is vitamin D call when it's produced in your body?
answer
calcitriol
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Name 3 functions of calcitriol.
answer
Increases intestinal Ca++ and Phosphate absorption, Decreases Ca++ loss from kidney, Increases bone osteoclast activity
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Define kyphosis.
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abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
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What is Osteogenesis imperfecta known as?
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Brittle Bone disease
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What is Achondroplastic dwarfism?
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Type of dwarfism where epiphyseal plate closes too early and calcified into bone, growth is prohibited
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What is an osteoma?
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Bone tumor
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What is osteosarcoma?
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A malignant tumour of bone
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What is ricketts?
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softening or weakened version of bones *in children resulting in bowlegged appearance.
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What is osteomalacia?
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(adult rickets)...bones become soft calcium and phosphorus imbalance secondary to vitamin D deficiency
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What is the 1st step of healing a fracture?
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Hematoma formation and angiogenesis
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What is the 2nd step of healing a fracture?
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Granulation tissue formation:
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What is the 3rd step of healing a fracture?
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Callus formation: Fibrocartilage then Soft Callus then Bony Callus
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What is the 4th step of healing a fracture?
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Remodeling
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What is the 1st step of healing the integument?
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Inflammatory Phase: Clot unites wound and vasodilation brings warmth, rubor, leukocytes and nutrients
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What is the 2nd step of healing the integument?
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Migratory Phase: Fibroblasts migrate through clot and angiogenesis begins creating granulation tissue
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What is the 3rd step of healing the integument?
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Proliferation Phase: Epithelial cells grow underneath scab and fibroblasts lay down excess collagen
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What is the 4th step of healing the integument?
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Maturation Phase: Scab sloughed off when epithelial cells complete migration/proliferation and fibroblast numbers/activity drop followed by remodeling
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What are some purposes of cerebral spinal fluids?
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shock absorber, prevents bruising of brain
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What are the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
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Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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What tissue does the dura mater consist of?
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Dense irregular CT
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Why do we have sinus in our head?
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shock absorber, reduce weight of skull
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What are the 4 sinuses in our head?
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Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
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Why does snoring happen?
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the concha resonate improperly
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What humidify's and cleans the air before it enters the lung?
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The mucus membranes of the concha in the ethmoid bone.
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How many vertebrae do we have?
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33
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How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
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7
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What do we call our 1st cervical vertebrae?
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Atlas
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What do we call our 2nd cervical vertebrae?
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Axis
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How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
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12
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How many Lumbar vertebrae do we have?
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5
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How many saccral(fused) vertebrae do we have?
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5
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How many coccygeal vertebrae do we have?
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4
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What part of the vertebrae stops them from sliding off eachother?
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Spinous process
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Define caudal
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directed to tail
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What is a herniated disc?
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Rupture to the anulus fibrosus
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"Swayback" is known as what?
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Lordosis
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How are joints classified?
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By structure (how they attach two bones) and function (way they allow two bones to move).
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What are the three ways bones can be held together in a joint?
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Synovial, Fibrous, Cartilaginous
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What are the three ways bones move across a joint?
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Diathroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses
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Define a Diathroses joint.
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feely moving - knee
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Define a Amphiathroses joint.
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slightly moveable - ribs
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Define a Synarthroses joint.
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little, to no movement
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Describe a serrate joint
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wavy overlap-sagittal suture
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Describe a lap joint
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single overlap-temporal/parietal suture
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describe a plane joint
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flat-two halves of palate
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Describe a gomphoses joint
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tooth and socket peridontal ligament
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Describe a syndesmoses joint
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a simple ligament holds bones together side by side
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Describe an example of a synchondrosis joint
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attachment of ribs to sternum via hyalin cartilage
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Describe an example of a symphysis joint
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pubic symphysis and vertebral discs made of fibrocartilage
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Describe an example of a synostosis joint
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the saccrum where two bones become ossifed together (fused)
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What is a bursa?
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sac of fluid in joint
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Name 6 types of diarthrotic synovial joints
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Ball and socket, hinge joint, saddle joint, pivot joint, gliding joint, condyloid joint
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Give an example of ball and socket joint
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humeroscapular
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give an example of hinge joint
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hemeroulnar
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give an example of a saddle joint
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carpometacarpal 1
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give an example of a pivot joint
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radioulnar
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give an example of a gliding joint
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intercarpal
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give an example of a condyloid joint
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metacarpophalangeal
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