Exam #2 Chapters 5-11 – Flashcards
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Define tissue.
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a set of cells with similar appearance and function together in an organ
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What are the 4 primary tissue classes?
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Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular
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Describe Epithelial tissue
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tissue composed of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and protect, secrete and absorb
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Where can you find epidermis?
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Digestive tract, liver, glands
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Describe Connective tissue
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more matrix than cell volume, specialized to support, bind and protect organs
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What are some organs made of connective tissue?
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tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood
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Describe Nervous tissue
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contains excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
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Give an example of an organ with nervous tissue
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brain, nerves, spinal cord
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Describe Muscular tissue
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tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells, specialized for contraction.
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What are some of the functions of Epithelial tissue?
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Secretion, Protection, absorption, filtration, sensation
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True or False: There are blood vessels in epithelia
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False
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Does Epithelial Tissue have a high mitosis rate?
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Yes
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What membrane lies between epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
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Basement membrane
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What are the 4 kinds of Simple Epithelia?
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Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified
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Describe Simple Squamous cells
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thin and scaly
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Describe simple cuboidal cells
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cube shaped, tight packing, glandular functions,
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describe simple columnar cells
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tall and narrow, consists of goblet cells
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describe psuedostratified columnar cells
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not all cells reach surface, also consists of goblet cells
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What are the 4 kinds of Stratified epithelia?
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Stratified squamous(keritanized & non keritanized), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar(rare), transitional
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Exfoliation/Desquamation:
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separation from the surface
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Keratinized/cornified
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found in epidermis, covered w/ a layer of compact dead squamous cells filled w/ keratin & packed w/ water repellent glycolipid
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Non keratinized
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no layer of dead cells, moist, slippery, abrasion resistant
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What does ectoderm develop into?
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nervous system & skin glands, epidermis, some blood vessels
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What does endoderm develop into?
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lining of lungs and glands of the gut
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What tissue lines the trachea?
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pseudostratified columnar epithelial
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Ligament
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bone to bone
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Tendon
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muscle to bone
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Osteocytes
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cells that make up bones
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Chondrocytes
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cells in lacunae of cartilage
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Difference between secretion and excretion:
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secreted materials have a physiological function and excretion removes waste from body
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What does Mesoderm develop into?
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dermis of skin, muscle, blood, connective tissue
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Where does gas exchange occur?
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Capillaries
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Where does filtration occur?
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Glomerular capsule
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Where are some places you can find simple squamous epithelium?
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alveoli, blood vessels, serous membrane of organs, glomerular capsule
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What structure holds cells to basement membrane
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desmosomes
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Endothelial Functions:
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hormonal functions, contraction, inflammation and permeability, clot prevention
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Simple Squamous Epithelium lining all blood vessels consists of what cells
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Endothelial cells
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Simple cuboidal epithelium functions:
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protection, secretion and reabsorption
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This tissue secretes digestive enzymes and helps with nutrient absorption
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Function of goblet cells:
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make mucus to lubricate passage of materials
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What tissues have cilia and goblet cells?
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Simple Columnar Epithelium, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Why would cilia be important in the airway?
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Push bacteria out of lungs
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what are some places on the body are covered by Stratified Squamous Epithelium-nonkeratinized
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vagina, mouth, anus, esophogus
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Why would the lower urinary tract and part of umbilical cord consist of transitional epithelium?
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Transitional Epithelium allows tissues to stretch better
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Embryogenesis:
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development of tissues and organs
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Are connective tissues derived from Mesoderm, Ectoderm, or Endoderm?
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Mesoderm
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Name the 10 types of connective tissue.
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Dense Regular CT, Dense Irregular CT, Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose, Hyalin Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Bone, Blood
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How is connective tissue spacing different from that of epithelial cells?
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cells occupy less space and usually aren't in direct contact w/eachother
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What tissues are categorized as Dense CT?
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Dense Regular CT, Dense Irregular CT
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What tissues are categorized as Loose CT?
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Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose
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What types of tissues are called fibrous or fibroconnective?
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Dense Irregular CT, Dense Regular CT, Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose CT
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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Hyalin, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
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What tissue appears in ligaments and tendons and looks like it's lined in perfect rows.
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Dense Regular CT
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What tissue is arranged in different directions and allows skin to be pulled on from different directions without tearing?
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Dense Irregular CT
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What tissue is found under basement membranes and is rich in collagen?
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Areolar CT
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What organ is Reticular CT found in?
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Spleen
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Where can you find chondrocytes?
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Lacunae
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What tissue connects the ribs to the sternum and can be found on the end of your nose?
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Hyalin Cartilage
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What tissue contains more elastin, less collagen and is found in the ear?
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Elastic Cartilage
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What tissue makes up the discs in the spine and is made of collagen?
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Fibrocartilage
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What tissue is made of osteocytes
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bone
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What CT is fluid?
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Blood,erythrocytes, lymphocytes, platelets
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Erythrocytes:
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red blood cells
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Fibril:
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overlapping collagen fibers
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What tissue is turned to bone as an adult?
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Hyalin cartilage
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Perichondrium surrounds what?
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Cartilage
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What do osteoblasts do?
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build bone
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What do osteoclasts do?
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erode bone
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True or False: Nuclei in dense regular ct are located between fibers
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True
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True or False: smooth muscle is striated
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false
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True or False: You can't grow more muscle cells, but they can grow in size
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True
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What do desmosomes attach together?
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cells to cells
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True or False: Endocrine glands release hormones into blood
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true
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Where and how do exocrine glands release hormones?
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Out of body via glands
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Name some functions of CT
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binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
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Describe Fibroblasts:
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large cells that produce fibers ; ground substance in CT
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What fibers are created by fibroblasts?
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collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
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Describe collagen:
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most abundant protein, tough, flexible, resists stretching, white color, functions out of the cell
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What is"stronger than steel by weight"?
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collagen
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Describe Elastic fibers:
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stretchy, yellow color, found in skin, lungs ; arteries
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What causes age lines in our skin?
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lack of elastic fibers
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Describe Reticular fibers:
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thin collagen fibers coated w/ glycoprotein
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The spleen and lymph nodes are formed by what fiber?
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Reticular fibers
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Are there any blood vessels in collagen?
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No
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What tissue does this description match: loose organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, seemingly a lot of empty space, mostly collagen fibers, varies in density, contains all CT cells types and all CT fibers?
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Areolar CT
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What tissue does this description match: reticular fibers, fibroblasts, forms lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow?
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Reticular CT
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What tissue does this description match: collagen fibers are closely packed, fibers are parallel to each other, found in tendons, ligaments, fibroblasts and few blood vessels?
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Dense Regular CT
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In which tissue are adipocytes abundant?
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Adipose Tissue
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What tissue does this description match: thick bundles of collagen running in random directions, found in dermis, kidneys spleen, leaves little room for cells and ground substance?
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Dense Irregular CT
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Leukocytes:
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white blood cells
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Do anucleate red blood cells have a nucleus?
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No
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When white blood cells divide too fast you have this disease:
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leukemia
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What do lipoproteins carry?
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cholestoral
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What proteins remove pathogens?
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immunoglobins
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What breaks down clots?
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Plasmin
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What does fibrinogen do?
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helps clot
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Are platelets a cellular component?
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no
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What do these items make up: heparin, salts/minerals, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, hyaluronic acid of joints?
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Ground Substance
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What jello-like substance is a shock absorber, insulates and fills space around cells?
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Ground substance
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Which type of fat is more abundant?
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White(can be called yellow too)
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Which type of fat can be described as a single, large, globule of triglyceride?
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White Fat
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Which type of fat stores lipid in multiple globules rather than 1 large one?
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Brown fat
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6% of a baby's weight is made up of what?
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Brown fat
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Which fat has an abundance of blood vessels and generates heat?
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Brown fat
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Which fat provides thermal insulation, & cushions and anchors organs?
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White fat
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What do Chondroblasts produce?
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Cartilage
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Which cartilage is made up of collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and a proteoglycan core?
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hyalin cartilage
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What fibrous sheath are all bones wrapped in?
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Periosteum
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Osseous tissue
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bone
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What limits the healing rate of broken bones?
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How fast nutrients can get to the cell
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Which bone has a hollow space filled with red or yellow marrow?
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Spongy bone
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What is the ground substance in blood known as?
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Blood plasma
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What cells are "excitable"?
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myocytes & neurons
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True or false: depolariztion can be used to promote changes in intracellular function?
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true
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Do "excitable cells create a self-propagating wave of depolarization that moves across the plasma membrane?
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yes
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What tissue consists of excitable neurons and non-excitable supportive cells?
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Nervous Tissue
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Name 4 parts of a neuron.
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Dendrite, soma, axon, synapse
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What is the function of a dendrite?
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Carries info to the nucleus
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Where does the nucleus of a neuron sit?
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soma
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Describe the axon of a neuron.
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single, long extension from cell body
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What part of a neuron allows information to move from cell to cell?
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Synapse
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Why do neurons need supportive glial cells?
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they quicken reactions, maintain neurons
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True or false: there are more neurons than glial cells
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false
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What tissue is derived from the primordial ectoderm?
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Neural tissue
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True or false: Neural tissue is composed of two types of cell.
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True, neurons and glial cells
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Define Synaptic Transmission:
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mechanism that permits a neuron to send its action potential to a second cell
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Define Synaptic cleft:
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space between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
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What cell type produces the extracellular protein collagen?
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Fibroblast
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Negative charges and a loose fitting amino acid sequence allow what type of connective tissue fibers to stretch?
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Elastin
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True or False: The ectodermal layer is the embryonic source of blood?
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False: mesoderm creates blood
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True or False: striations in muscle tissue allow for contractions
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true
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Which muscle type has multiple nuclei within a myofiber?
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skeletal
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Which muscle types have striations?
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Cardiac & skeletal
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Which muscle type has intercalated discs?
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Cardiac
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True or False: Cardiac muscle can have 1 or 2 nuclei in each cell?
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true
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Are fibroblasts inbetween collagen fibers in dense regular ct?
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yes
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Which muscle type comes in sheets and has only 1 nuclei per cell?
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Smooth muscle
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What filaments allow muscle to be shortened?
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actin and mysoin
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Which muscle type is voluntary?
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skeletal
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Which muscle types are involuntary?
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cardiac, smooth
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Which muscle types have multiple mitochondria and have a short period of contraction?
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Skeletal and cardiac
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Which muscle type has long contractions and few mitochondria?
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Smooth muscle
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
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True or false: striations in muscle tissue result from parallel orientation of myosin and actin
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true
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True or false: you become stronger because your body creates more muscle fibers
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false
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True or false: force comes from the number of myofibers recruited.
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true
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What are the 4 main types of cell-cell connection?
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tight junction, desmosome, hemidesmosome, gap junction
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Which cell-cell connection completely encircles an epithelial cell and joins it tightly to it's neighboring cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins?
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Tight junctions
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Which cell-cell junction can be described as a patch that holds cells together, and is found in the epidermis, cervix, and cardiac muscle?
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Desmosome
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What cell-cell connection connects the deepest layer of cells to the basement membrane?
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Hemidesmosome
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What cell-cell connection is found in cardiac and most smooth muscle,connects the cytoplasm of one cell to another and is formed by a connexon?
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Tight junction
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True or false: the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands.
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True
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Name an example of a simple coiled tubular exocrine gland
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Sweat gland
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Name an example of a simple branched tubular exocrine gland
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Gastric Gland
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Name an example of a simple acinar exocrine gland
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Glands of penile urethra
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Name an example of a compound tubular exocrine gland
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kidney
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Name an example of a compound acinar exocrine gland
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mammary gland
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Name an example of a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland
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Pancreas
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What tissue consists of layers of flat cells that lack keratin?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-keratinized
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What tissue consists of cells that have cilia and an elongated shape with all cells contact with basement membrane, but irregular nuclei arrangement?
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Name the three primary germ layers.
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Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
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Integument consists of what two parts.
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Epidermis, dermis
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What underlying layer supports the epidermis and dermis?
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hypodermis
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What does the hypodermis consist of of?
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Adipose CT, subcutaneous fat
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Another word for skin.
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Integument
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Are blood vessels found in the epidermis?
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No
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What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
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Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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Which layer of the epidermis produces melanocytes?
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Stratum basale
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What does the protein melanin do for us?
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protects underlying cells from uv radiation and absorbs light
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Another word for Pallor
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pale
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another word for blushing
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erythema
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What color does carotene appear as?
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orange
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What color is jaundice associated with?
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yellow
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What is hemangioma?
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benign tumor of blood vessel
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What color is cyanosis associated with?
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blue
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What is Albinism?
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Medical condition defined by an absence of melanin pigment
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Define dermatology.
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the study of the skin
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What is the official term for stretch marks?
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Striae
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Why are the elderly, infants, and anorexics often cold?
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Less fat
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Why do females need more fat than males?
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the possibility of pregnancy
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Name 5 types of glands found in the integument we learned in class.
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1. sebaceous, 2. Apocrine, 3. Merocrine(eccrine), 4. Mammary, 5. Ceruminous
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What type of gland produces the oil in your ear?
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Ceruminous
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What type of gland secretes oils and dead cells into your hair follicle?
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Sebaceous
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
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Merocrine(eccrine) ; apocrine
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Which sweat gland is responsible for scent?
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Apocrine
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Excessive sweating is known as?
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Diaphoresis
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Bromhidrosis
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condition of abnormal or offensive body odour, to a large extent determined by apocrine gland secretion
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Another word for inflamation
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rubor
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Define Vellum hair.
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hair that appears on most of your body
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What are some examples of Vibrissae hair?
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big hairs/whiskers/nose hairs
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What is lanugo hair?
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hair that appears on a fetus and a newborn baby's body
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What is terminal hair?
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hair that appears after puberty
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What are some things the arrector pili muscle does?
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moves hair up to insulate skin, goosebumps
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Eponychium is also known as what?
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cuticle
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What is the hyponychium?
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The skin under the free Edge, Attatched to the nail
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Define hypoxia.
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oxygen deficient
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Name three types of skin cancer.
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Basal Cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
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Which skin cancer is the most dangerous, but least common?
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Malignant Melanoma
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What does the acronym ABCD stand for when considering skin cancer?
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Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Color, Diameter
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Which skin cancer arises from the stratum spinosum, and sometimes metastasizes to the lymph nodes?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Which skin cancer arises from the stratum basale and rarely metastasize?
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Basale Cell Carcinoma
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What does the A in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Asymmetry
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What does the B in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Border Irregularity
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What does the C in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Color
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What does the D in the ABCD skin cancer acronym stand for?
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Diameter
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What is pus?
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Bacteria that the body has killed
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Define Angiogenesis.
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formation of new blood vessels
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What is the 1st part of a scar?
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granulation tissue
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True or False: The wound is critical if over 10% of the area has 3rd degree burns
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True
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True or False: If the over 25% of the area has second degree wounds it's not critical.
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False
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True or False: If there are any 3rd degree burns on the hands, face or feet a wound is critical.
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True
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True or False: Cells in the Stratum Lucidum and Cornea have no DNA and cannot become cancerous.
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True
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True or False: UV light damages the regions of DNA that make proteins that control cell division rates
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true
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Define Hematopoiesis.
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Process of Blood cell formation
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Where does Hematopoiesis occur?
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In the bones
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What is hydroxyapatite?
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Calcium Phosphate ; calcium carbonate
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What structure consists of Hydroxyapatite and collagen?
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bones
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What are the four classes of bone?
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Long, short, irregular, flat
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Give an example of a long bone.
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Ulna, radius, femur
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Give an example of a short bone.
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Talus, capitate
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Give an example of a flat bone.
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Scapula, sternum
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Give an example of a irregular bone.
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Vertebrae, sphenoid bone
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What bone marrow do flat and spongy bones produce?
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Red
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What are three characteristics of flat and spongy bones?
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Red marrow, hematopoiesis, trabeculae
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What bone characteristic allows compression and supports sheets of bones?
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Trabeculae
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What type of bone contains yellow marrow?
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Long and hollow bones
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Does the location of hematopoiesis change with age?
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yes
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Does bone stress stimulate osteoblast or osteoclast activity?
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osteoblast
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Why do bones have a hollow core?
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The hollowness keeps bones light
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What is a osteocyte?
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Bone cell
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True or false: bone cells can be found in lacunae
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true
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Define lamellae.
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Concentric rings around central canal in osteon
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Define Canaliculi.
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Small canals or cracks in the matrix that allow for diffusion on the tissue level of bones. These tiny channels allow osteocytes to communicate with each other.
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Does flat bone have lamellae?
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no
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What is the epiphyseal plate known for?
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Growth plate
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What is the purpose of a medullary cavity in bones?
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Fill with fat and yellow marrow, helps bone flex
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What part of a long bone allows for articulation?
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Epiphyseal ends
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What is the middle of the long bone called?
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Diaphysis
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Where on the bone are osteoblasts more often found?
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lacunae
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Where on the bone are osteoclasts more often found?
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surface of bone
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Why is it dangerous for the bones to be too hard at birth?
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Bones would break during birth
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What are the three methods of ossification?
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Endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification, ectopic ossification
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What happens during endochondral ossification?
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bone matrix is deposited where the hyalin cartilage was and eventually the growth plate closes
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What is atherosclerosis?
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hardening of arteries because of plaque build up
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What happens during intramembranous ossification?
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bone replacing mesenchyme tissue
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Which method of ossification is abnormal, unhealthy, may indicate a hormonal imbalance and can lead to infection/irritation?
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Ectopic ossification
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What do you call the place where the epiphysis and diaphysis converge?
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Metaphysis
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Which bones form as a set of trabeculae within fibrous connective tissues?
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Flat bones
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Hypocalcemia
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low blood calcium
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Hypercalcemia
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high blood calcium
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What are some actions of calcium in the body?
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Muscle contraction, Nerve cell function, Bone formation
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Which 3 hormones regulate the levels of calcium in the body?
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parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and Calcitonin
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How does calcitonin work regulate calcium levels?
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Lowers Calcium levels in the body via kidney
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How does the parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels?
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absorbs it from intestine
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How does vitamin D regulate calcium levels?
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absorbs it from bones
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Can exocytosis and muscle contraction happen with insufficient Calcium levels in cytosol or plasma?
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No
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What is vitamin D call when it's produced in your body?
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calcitriol
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Name 3 functions of calcitriol.
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Increases intestinal Ca++ and Phosphate absorption, Decreases Ca++ loss from kidney, Increases bone osteoclast activity
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Define kyphosis.
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abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
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What is Osteogenesis imperfecta known as?
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Brittle Bone disease
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What is Achondroplastic dwarfism?
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Type of dwarfism where epiphyseal plate closes too early and calcified into bone, growth is prohibited
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What is an osteoma?
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Bone tumor
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What is osteosarcoma?
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A malignant tumour of bone
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What is ricketts?
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softening or weakened version of bones *in children resulting in bowlegged appearance.
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What is osteomalacia?
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(adult rickets)...bones become soft calcium and phosphorus imbalance secondary to vitamin D deficiency
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What is the 1st step of healing a fracture?
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Hematoma formation and angiogenesis
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What is the 2nd step of healing a fracture?
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Granulation tissue formation:
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What is the 3rd step of healing a fracture?
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Callus formation: Fibrocartilage then Soft Callus then Bony Callus
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What is the 4th step of healing a fracture?
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Remodeling
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What is the 1st step of healing the integument?
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Inflammatory Phase: Clot unites wound and vasodilation brings warmth, rubor, leukocytes and nutrients
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What is the 2nd step of healing the integument?
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Migratory Phase: Fibroblasts migrate through clot and angiogenesis begins creating granulation tissue
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What is the 3rd step of healing the integument?
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Proliferation Phase: Epithelial cells grow underneath scab and fibroblasts lay down excess collagen
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What is the 4th step of healing the integument?
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Maturation Phase: Scab sloughed off when epithelial cells complete migration/proliferation and fibroblast numbers/activity drop followed by remodeling
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What are some purposes of cerebral spinal fluids?
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shock absorber, prevents bruising of brain
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What are the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
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Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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What tissue does the dura mater consist of?
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Dense irregular CT
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Why do we have sinus in our head?
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shock absorber, reduce weight of skull
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What are the 4 sinuses in our head?
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Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
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Why does snoring happen?
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the concha resonate improperly
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What humidify's and cleans the air before it enters the lung?
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The mucus membranes of the concha in the ethmoid bone.
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How many vertebrae do we have?
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33
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How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
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7
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What do we call our 1st cervical vertebrae?
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Atlas
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What do we call our 2nd cervical vertebrae?
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Axis
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How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
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12
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How many Lumbar vertebrae do we have?
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5
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How many saccral(fused) vertebrae do we have?
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5
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How many coccygeal vertebrae do we have?
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4
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What part of the vertebrae stops them from sliding off eachother?
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Spinous process
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Define caudal
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directed to tail
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What is a herniated disc?
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Rupture to the anulus fibrosus
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"Swayback" is known as what?
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Lordosis
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How are joints classified?
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By structure (how they attach two bones) and function (way they allow two bones to move).
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What are the three ways bones can be held together in a joint?
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Synovial, Fibrous, Cartilaginous
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What are the three ways bones move across a joint?
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Diathroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses
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Define a Diathroses joint.
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feely moving - knee
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Define a Amphiathroses joint.
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slightly moveable - ribs
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Define a Synarthroses joint.
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little, to no movement
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Describe a serrate joint
answer
wavy overlap-sagittal suture
question
Describe a lap joint
answer
single overlap-temporal/parietal suture
question
describe a plane joint
answer
flat-two halves of palate
question
Describe a gomphoses joint
answer
tooth and socket peridontal ligament
question
Describe a syndesmoses joint
answer
a simple ligament holds bones together side by side
question
Describe an example of a synchondrosis joint
answer
attachment of ribs to sternum via hyalin cartilage
question
Describe an example of a symphysis joint
answer
pubic symphysis and vertebral discs made of fibrocartilage
question
Describe an example of a synostosis joint
answer
the saccrum where two bones become ossifed together (fused)
question
What is a bursa?
answer
sac of fluid in joint
question
Name 6 types of diarthrotic synovial joints
answer
Ball and socket, hinge joint, saddle joint, pivot joint, gliding joint, condyloid joint
question
Give an example of ball and socket joint
answer
humeroscapular
question
give an example of hinge joint
answer
hemeroulnar
question
give an example of a saddle joint
answer
carpometacarpal 1
question
give an example of a pivot joint
answer
radioulnar
question
give an example of a gliding joint
answer
intercarpal
question
give an example of a condyloid joint
answer
metacarpophalangeal
