Exam 1 Micro Fall 2016 – Flashcards
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| What is microbiology? (Definition) |
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| The study of Microbes |
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| What are microbes? (definition) |
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| living organisms too small for the naked eye... microscope |
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| What are three exceptions to the definition of microbiology? |
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| Viruses, protozoa/helminthes, and arthropods |
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| What makes viruses an exception? |
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| non-living --> no metabolism or homeostasis |
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| What makes protozoa/helminthes an exception? |
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| You can see some species without the help of a microscope. |
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| Why are arthropods considered an exception? What do they include? |
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| They are big enough to see with naked eye. Include mosquitoes, ticks fleas --> forms of parasites |
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| How do you organize microbiology? |
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| Division and fields |
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| What are the five groups microbes can be organized by types? |
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| bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa |
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| what is virology? |
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| study of viruses |
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| What is bacteriology? |
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| study of bacteria |
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| What are pathogens? |
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| disease causing agents |
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| What are non-pathogens? |
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| non disease causing agents |
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| What is mycology? |
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| study of fungi |
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| What is phycology? |
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| study of algae (micro and macro) |
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| What is protozoology? |
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| Study of protozoa |
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| What is parisitology? |
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| Study of parasites |
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| What is a parasite? |
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| An organism that lives at the expense of a host. |
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| What is immunology? |
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| Study of the mechanisms used by one organism to fend off another organism |
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| What roles do microbes play? (list at least 4) |
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| industry and environment, decomp, agriculture, bioremediation, biotech, o2 contribution, nutrient recycling |
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| Antonie van Leeowenhoek |
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| duch draper, invented first handheld microscope, first to see microbes. Identified the 3 shapes of bacteria |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| discovered small pox vaccine |
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| How did Edward Jenner discover the small pox vaccine? |
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| Inoculated people with cowpox, something in the cowpox prevented people from attracting small pox |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Invented Vaccines for rabies and andthrax. Pasteurization. "father of microbiology". came up with germ theory |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Came up with Koch's postulate. ID agent of anthrax and TB |
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| What is Koch's postulate? |
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| Procedure used to get a pure culture or something. |
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| Ronald Ross |
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| ID malaria parasite and found out it was transmitted by mosquitoes |
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| Alexander Flemming |
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| INvented penicillin in WWII and found out penicillin can be used to cure syphilis |
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| Karl Landsteiner |
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| Human ABO blood groups and Rh factors. First advances in immunology --> Nobel prize winner |
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| What is taxonomy? (definition) |
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| Study of phylogenetic relationships b/w organisms |
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| What was aristotles contribution of microbiology> |
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| Put all organisms in two groups, mobile and nonmobile |
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| What is Carolus Linnaeus' nickname? |
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| Father of taxonomy |
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| What is Carolus Linnaeus' contribution to microbiology? |
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| Came up with taxonomy. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species |
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| Ernest Haeckel |
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| Added kingdom protista |
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| What is PH Whittakers contribution to taxonomy? |
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| expanded to 5 kingdom system: Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
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| What is Carl Woese contribution to taxonomy? |
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| Able to identify organisms by their sequences of rRNA |
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| What are the three domains and how are they organized? |
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| Bacteria achaea and eukarya. organized based on rRNA. |
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| What falls under eukarya? |
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| multi-cellular organisms including protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
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| How are bacteria and archaea distinguished between each other? What makes them similar? |
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| rRNA, both prokaryotic unicellular organisms |
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| What similarities does an archaea cell have to prokaryotes? |
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| external structures and shape, both lack membranous organelles |
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| How are archaea cells similar to eukaryotes? |
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| Have ribosomes and metabolic enzymes |
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| What is the current record holder for surviving high temps |
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| Geogamma |
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| What are extremophiles? |
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| archaea which require extreme environmental conditions in order to survive: high salt, high temp, acidity |
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| What are thermophiles? |
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| archaea which require high temps |
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| What are halophiles? |
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| Archaea which require high salt conc. |
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| What are methanogens |
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| Archaea which create methane gas, convert organic waste into methane |
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| How are bacterial cells organized? |
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| shape size and colony arrangement |
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| What are the three shapes of bacteria? |
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| coccus, bacillus, and spirillum |
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| Describe coccus in one word |
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| Spherical |
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| Describe bacillus in one word |
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| rod |
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| Describe spirillus in one word |
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| spiral |
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| How might a bacterial cell be classified in arrangement? What are the categories? |
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| Single, pairs (diplo-), Cluster (staphlo-), chain (strepto-), groups of four(tetrads) |
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| What is the glycocalyx? |
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| "sweet cup" - outermost surface exposed to environment - sugar layer (glyco) |
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| What is the functionality of glycocalyx? |
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| protection, adhesion, and reception |
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| What are the two forms of glycocalyx? |
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| Slime layer or capsule |
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| What is the difference between the two forms of glycocalyx? |
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| slime layer is a loose shield, can be washed off or removed; capsule is a thick structured layer. |
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| What is a biofilm? |
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| aggregates of many bacteria living together or a surface |
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| What are the functions of the cell wall? (3) |
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| Determine shape of cell, give structural support so cell can withstand osmotic pressures |
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| What is the cell wall comprised of? |
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| mainly peptidoglycan |
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| Why do drugs and disinfectants target the cell wall? |
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| when they break down the cell wall it allows the cell to lyse due to osmotic pressures |
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| What procedure is carried out in order to determine if a cell is gram- or gram+? |
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| gram staining |
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| What distinguishing feature does gram+ cell wall have? |
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| Very thick peptidoglycan layer |
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| What function does lipoteichoic acid have in gram positive bacteria? |
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| anchor the cell wall to the cytoplasm membrane |
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| What function does the teichoic acids have when staining? |
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| teichoic acids have negative charge which bonds well with crystal violet dye used to determine if gram+ |
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| What distinguishing feature does the gram- cell wall have? |
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| thin layer of peptidoglycan with additional outer cell membrane composed of lipopolysacharrides, phospholipids, and proteins |
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| Why are gram- bacteria harder to treat? Hint:lipid A |
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| The lipid A can shed when given antibiotics, that layer that sheds can trigger toxic substances causing fever, shock, blood clotting |
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| What is the cell membrane comprised of? |
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| typical lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it |
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| What are endospores? |
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| unique cell structure separate front he vegetative cell. |
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| What is the purpose of endospores? |
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| Survival/defense against hostile or unfavorable conditions |
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| What are fimbriae? |
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| fine, hairlike bristles from the cell surface |
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| What purpose does fimbriae serve? |
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| Adhesioni to other cells and surfaces |
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| What is a nucleoid? |
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| DNA found in a bacterial cell, the condensed area where this is found |
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| What is a pilus? function? |
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| Long hollow appendage. Used in transferring DNA to other cells and cell adhesion |
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| What is a mesosome? |
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| extension of the cell membrane that folds into the cytoplasm in order to increase surface area |
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| What is the main function of flagellum? |
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| motility |
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| Whatis found in the ribosomes? what purpose do ribosomes serve? |
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| RNA. site of protein synthesis |
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| Purpose of Nucleus? |
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| store DNA |
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| Purpose of nucleolus? |
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| Store RNA and Ribosomal subunits |
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| Purpose of E.R.? |
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| make proteins and lipids |
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| Purpose of golgi? |
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| sorting and protection |
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| Purpose of Mitochondria? |
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| power house |
