question

What is the cephalic phase?

answer

earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food

question

T/F: Many lactose-intolerant people can digest aged cheese and yogurt with live, active cultures without any gastrointestinal side effects.

answer

true

question

T/F: Dietary vitamins and minerals are small enough to be absorbed without chemical digestion by the GI tract.

answer

true

question

T/F: Heartburn more than twice a week is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux (GER).

answer

true

question

T/F: The lining of the small intestine is smooth and flat, allowing for increased transit time of food material.

answer

false

question

T/F: A bolus is the liquid produced by mechanical digestion in the stomach.

answer

false

question

Example of a food that causes intestinal distress for someone with lactose intolerance?

answer

whey

question

A cell's boundary is defined by its _________.

answer

membrane

question

Peristalsis that begins in the small intestine and surges upwards results in

answer

vomiting

question

Immediately after a meal, ghrelin levels ______; high levels of ghrelin ______ hunger.

answer

decrease; increase

question

Mechanical digestion begins in the

answer

mouth

question

What is an example of the central nervous system's role in digestion?

answer

The aroma of grilled foods triggers salivary cells to stimulate the salivary glands.

question

T/F: It is estimated that up to 70 percent of the world's population lose some ability to digest lactose as they age.

answer

true

question

T/F: Cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions.

answer

true

question

The gold standard for diagnosing celiac disease is _________.

answer

a biopsy of the small intestine

question

Cell membranes are primarily composed of

answer

phospholipids.

question

T/F: The presence of the bacterium H. pylori in the GI tract of adults increases the risk of ulcers, stomach cancer, and high blood glucose.

answer

true

question

The primary function of mucus in the stomach is to

answer

protect the stomach cells from gastric juices (e.g., HCl).

question

T/F: Children whose GI tract contains the bacterium H. pylori are more likely to suffer from asthma and allergies.

answer

false

question

There are ______ common allergenic foods that must be clearly identified on food labels.

answer

eight

question

How many daily serving of grains does the MyPlate recommend?

answer

6 ounce-equivalents

question

Including fiber in your diet is beneficial to your GI tract, but consuming excess amounts of fiber can result in the loss of nutrients. This statement is an example of which of the factors to consider in planning diets?

answer

moderation

question

Which of the following do some experts consider unnecessary to include as much as in the MyPlate recommendations?

answer

dairy

question

The Nutrition Facts Panel does not include information on ________.

answer

toxicity levels

question

Serving sizes of prepared foods purchased at grocery stores and restaurants are generally

answer

larger than USDA serving-size standards.

question

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that a healthful diet include proteins that are

answer

lower in solid fats and Calories.

question

T/F: Food labeling regulations allow manufacturers to omit the footnote of the Nutrition Facts panel on smaller products.

answer

true

question

When dining out at a restaurant, what is an example of a healthy appetizer choice?

answer

grilled asparagus

question

T/F: "Wellness" is a multidimensional process that includes one's physical, emotional, social, occupational, and spiritual health.

answer

true

question

What chronic diseases are strongly associated with dietary choices?

answer

obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes

question

What is an example of one serving of the USDA Food Patterns' vegetable group?

answer

2 cups of raw spinach

question

What is an example of a meal plan that best illustrates the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?

answer

Chicken sandwich on wheat bread with lettuce and tomato, raisins, and milk

question

T/F: Most Americans eat outside of the home at least once per week.

answer

true

question

At the grocery store, Janice studies the labels on fortified rice milk to find one that is high in calcium. What is an example of a label that would indicate that a particular brand is high in this nutrient?

answer

percent daily value of calcium more than 20%

question

Jack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories a day to support his total energy needs. Even though Jack likes many different foods and makes it a point to try new things, he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. Which characteristic of a healthy diet is Jack missing?

answer

adequacy

question

A 1-cup equivalent in the dairy food group based on the MyPlate pattern is:

answer

1 cup yogurt

question

T/F: Cultural cues that influence eating patterns include advertisements and the types of restaurants available in a neighborhood.

answer

true

question

What is an example of a social cue that triggers an appetite?

answer

Eating a hot dog at a ballpark

question

Mindful eating is a____.

answer

nonjudgmental awareness of sensations while eating

question

The psychological desire to eat stimulated by the sight, smell, or thought of food is

answer

appetite.

question

A good source of prebiotics would be ____.

answer

fruit

question

T/F: The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are dietary standards that should be applied only to healthy individuals.

answer

true

question

T/F: Vitamins provide 4 kilocalories per gram.

answer

false

question

Phytochemicals are ____ chemicals.

answer

plant

question

T/F: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) plays a limited role in researching nutrition-related issues.

answer

false

question

T/F: Current research suggests that the health benefits of phytochemicals come only in supplement form.

answer

false

question

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds believed to protect plants against the _____ they produce.

answer

oxygen

question

What is the term for an imitation treatment that has no known physical effect or therapeutic value on the subjects in a research study?

answer

placebo

question

T/F: Researchers have not discovered a link between the GI flora and obesity.

answer

false

question

A slice of pumpkin bread contains 5 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbohydrate, and 5 grams of protein. What percent of the bread's Calories are from fat?

answer

20%

question

What is the group given a specific treatment or intervention during an experiment called?

answer

the experimental group

question

Bread enriched with folate is an example of a

answer

functional food.

question

A good source of probiotics would be_____.

answer

yogurt

question

T/F: Macronutrients are nutrients that contain inorganic components.

answer

false

question

Students looking to maintain a robust gut flora may plan a breakfast containing_____ .

answer

yogurt and fruit

question

T/F: Nutrigenomics research has shown that a mother's food intake can affect the genes expressed by her children.

answer

true

question

What is an example of a nutrient that is organic?

answer

protein

question

T/F: Probiotics make up all of the roughly 100 trillion microorganisms living in the human body.

answer

false

question

Which nutrient is the MOST energy dense?

answer

fat

question

As the study of nutrition evolves, what best reflects the objectives of current nutrition research?

answer

The role of diet in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.

question

Chemicals used to help retain moisture in foods are called

answer

humectants.

question

What are examples of a private sector support for sustainable agriculture?

answer

corporate purchases of produce from small and mid-size local farms, corporate training programs in sustainable farming practices, and venture-capital investments in food start-ups

question

What is the purpose of the GRAS list?

answer

To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus.

question

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), iodine in table salt, and the supplemental calcium in orange juice are all examples of

answer

addictives.

question

T/F: The primary component of sustainability is attaining a surplus of food crops.

answer

false

question

What is an example of an agricultural practice that helps to maintain food diversity?

answer

planting traditional local species of edible plants

question

What are the assumed benefits of a local food system?

answer

environmental advantages over a global food system, benefit to local economies, and a stronger connection between urban consumers and rural inhabitants

question

T/F: Certified organic farms must avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers and toxic pesticides.

answer

true

question

What is the primary cause of global undernutrition?

answer

unequal distribution of food due to poverty

question

How does the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness work to end food insecurity in the United States?

answer

training students to meet the immediate needs of the hungry

question

What are the elements of a community (local) food system?

answer

Farmers Markets, hospital cafeterias using local produce, and CSA programs

question

What would increase the availability of a diverse array of fresh, locally produced foods?

answer

purchasing a share in a CSA, starting a school garden or urban garden, and purchasing fruits and vegetables at the local farmer's market

question

What describes a sustainable food system

answer

specify food from farming systems that minimize harm to the environment, Promote health and well-being, and use local, seasonally available ingredients

question

T/F: Between 2002 and 2007, the number of farms dramatically dropped in the United States.

answer

false

question

What term is commonly used to describe foods that are grown without the use of synthetic pesticides?

answer

organic

question

T/F: Preservatives and colorings are derived from both natural and synthetic sources.

answer

true

question

One of the main goals of the fair trade movement is to

answer

improve the rights and working conditions of farm workers.

question

What are the effects of purchasing Fair Trade Certified products from developing nations?

answer

spread of sustainable agricultural practices, reduction in child labor, and financial assistance to women setting up small businesses

question

The goals of the recent "food movement" include

answer

protecting the environment and reducing food supply monopolies.

question

What are the potential benefits of consuming local food?

answer

reduced energy use for food production, enhanced nutrition and freshness of produce, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions from transportation

question

What are the limitations of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial?

answer

all participants were post-menopausal women, on average, study participants did not reduce fat intake enough, and participants self-reported dietary intake.

question

What are the effects of a long-term treatment for obesity?

answer

gastroplasty, gastric bypass, and gastric banding

question

T/F: Lower-body obesity significantly increases one's risk for chronic disease.

answer

false

question

Prescription weight-loss medicines are associated with side effects and a certain level of risk. What is an example in which a physician would MOST likely prescribe these medications?

answer

an adult with a BMI 27 kg/m2 who has an elevated risk for heart disease.

question

In men, a waist-to-hip ratio higher than what is associated with an increased risk for chronic disease?

answer

.90

question

T/F: A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome indicates an increased risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke.

answer

true

question

Among the common surgical treatments for obesity, a method that is not recommended as a treatment for obesity or morbid obesity is ______.

answer

liposuction

question

What result in satiety?

answer

nutrient absorption from the small intestine, the release of PYY into the bloodstream, and expansion of the stomach

question

What defines a "healthy body weight?"

answer

a weight appropriate for your age and physical development, a weight that is acceptable to you, and a weight compatible with normal blood pressure, lipid levels, and glucose tolerance

question

Lance would like to lose two pounds a week. If his present energy intake is 4,200 kcal a day and his energy expenditure does not change, how many kilocalories should he consume each day to achieve his goal?

answer

3,200

question

What are the functions of uncoupling proteins?

answer

improve resistance to weight gain and obesity, inhibit ATP formation, and increase energy expenditure and decrease excess energy storage

question

Waist and hip circumference measurements can determine _______.

answer

fat distribution pattern

question

What increases basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

answer

higher lean body mass

question

Which of the following is a limitation of body mass index (BMI)?

answer

BMI has limited consideration of body composition

question

Which sport is frequently associated with its female athletes being at risk for developing the female athlete triad?

answer

gymnastics

question

The women who lost the most weight during the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial reduced their Calories consumed from

answer

fat.

question

T/F: BMI is calculated by taking an individual's body weight (in kilograms) divided by their height2 (in meters).

answer

true

question

Research studies have shown that the risk for developing type 2 diabetes and hypertension begins to increase at a BMI greater than

answer

30 kg/m2.

question

The best treatment option for people who are medically unstable or display signs of malnutrition is likely ___.

answer

inpatient hospitalization

question

Amenorrhea is _________.

answer

absence of menstruation resulting from inadequate energy intake

question

How does beta-alanine supplementation enhance a person's ability to perform short-term, high-intensity activities?

answer

It helps increase the levels of muscle carnosine.

question

What is illegal to sell in the United States?

answer

ephedra-containing supplements

question

Side effects of anabolic steroids include ____.

answer

renal failure

question

T/F: Athletes should not take iron supplements unless prescribed by a health care professional.

answer

true

question

T/F: Thirst is a relatively poor indicator of dehydration.

answer

true

question

What are examples of a common deceptive practice used to market and sell ergogenic aids?

answer

advertising through infomercials and mass-media marketing videos, exercising inappropriate control over study results, and paying celebrities to endorse products

question

T/F: Aerobic reactions occur in the absence of oxygen.

answer

false

question

What are the proven long-term, irreversible harmful effects of anabolic steroid use in women?

answer

enlarged clitoris, outward signs of "masculinization", and facial hair growth

question

Time of activity, part of the FITT principle, refers to __________.

answer

how long each session lasts

question

What are the ways in which regular physical activity can reduce the risks for heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure?

answer

It raises triglyceride levels in the blood.

question

Many athletes have higher _______ needs than the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) or Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for the general population.

answer

protein

question

Repeatedly overworking a muscle to increase muscle strength and size is known as

answer

hypertrophy.

question

T/F: The target intensity for flexibility is to stretch through a joint's full range of motion.

answer

true

question

T/F: Consuming high-carbohydrate foods during the 24 hours after exercise can enhance glycogen storage.

answer

true

question

T/F: Research has shown that supplements containing both ephedra and caffeine can help prolong the time that it takes an athlete to become exhausted during a workout.

answer

true

question

There is evidence supporting the health claims of what ergogenic aids?

answer

caffeine

question

Moderate _______ consumption is enough to support most activities.

answer

fat

question

What are the components of physical fitness?

answer

strong muscles and bones, flexibility, and body composition

question

George plays basketball for his high school team, and he is concerned that he is not consuming enough kilocalories to support his activity.What would MOST likely indicate that he is not consuming adequate kilocalories?

answer

weight loss

question

T/F: The longer the fatty acid chain, the more ATP can be generated from breakdown.

answer

true

question

What are the major classes of dietary lipids?

answer

triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids

question

What helps keep saturated fat intake at a healthy level?

answer

keeping cholesterol intake below 300 mg/day

question

T/F: Trans fatty acids are created during the hydrogenation process.

answer

true

question

What is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

answer

being overweight

question

What is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids, yet neutral in flavor, making it a good choice for cooking oil?

answer

canola oil

question

Our bodies synthesize cholesterol in the liver and _________.

answer

intestines

question

About 30 to _______ percent of the energy used at rest comes from fat.

answer

70

question

T/F: In general, animal-based fats are high in saturated fats.

answer

true

question

Yesterday Nadia consumed 250 grams of carbohydrate, 75 grams of protein, and 60 grams of fat. What percentage of Calories of her day's intake came from fat?

answer

29%

question

What species of fish would likely contain the highest levels of contaminants?

answer

swordfish

question

T/F: Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed and transported more quickly than long-chain fatty acids.

answer

true

question

How many double bonds does a saturated fatty acid contain between carbons?

answer

none

question

What is the correct sequence of events in the development of atherosclerosis?

answer

Arterial injury, inflammation, fatty streak, plaque formation

question

T/F: Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature.

answer

false

question

What is an example of a fat replacer?

answer

olestra

question

T/F: If an ingredient label indicates a product contains partially hydrogenated oils, it will almost assuredly contain trans fats.

answer

true

question

T/F: Saturated fatty acids can occur in either a cis or trans shape.

answer

false

question

T/F: In 2006 the Food and Drug Administration issued an optional recommendation to list the amounts of trans fatty acids on the Nutrition Facts panel of food products.

answer

false

question

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends a reduction in dietary sodium intake to how many mg per day?

answer

less than 2,300

question

You would be diagnosed with true hypertension if your systolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or your diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to

answer

90 mmHg.

question

Minerals are ________ elements.

answer

inorganic

question

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are BEST absorbed with foods that are rich in

answer

fat.

question

The absorption of proteins occurs in the

answer

small intestine.

question

T/F: Even individuals who eat a variety of healthy foods cannot meet their micronutrient needs from food alone and should take a daily supplement.

answer

false

question

T/F: Fat-soluble vitamins should be consumed more frequently than water-soluble vitamins.

answer

false

question

T/F: Complementary proteins provide all twenty essential amino acids.

answer

false

question

A polypeptide consist of how many strings of amino acids?

answer

ten or more

question

Water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed _____.

answer

regularly

question

What is the MOST complete protein from a plant source?

answer

soybeans

question

What proteins are fundamental to the immune system?

answer

antibodies

question

T/F: Sickle cell anemia results from a single change to an amino acid present in hemoglobin.

answer

true

question

What is an example of a protein?

answer

Enzymes.

question

T/F: The process in which a protein loses its shape and function when exposed to acids, heat, and heavy metals is deamination.

answer

false

question

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), what is responsible for 18% of the gases responsible for global warming?

answer

livestock production

question

_____ foods are sources of fat-soluble vitamins.

answer

Fat-containing

question

Currently, _____ levels of protein structure have been identified.

answer

4

question

The human body can synthesize small amounts of which two fat-soluble vitamins?

answer

vitamin D and vitamin K

question

T/F: Research shows that smokers benefit from daily supplements of beta carotene.

answer

false

question

T/F: Water-soluble vitamins are not toxic; they are harmless even when consumed in megadose amounts.

answer

false

question

Minerals can undergo minor modifications and change their _____ structure.

answer

atomic

question

T/F: Overconsumption of simple sugars causes hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children.

answer

false

question

What carbohydrate is an end product of photosynthesis?

answer

glucose

question

The term complex carbohydrates refers to

answer

polysaccharides.

question

Non-nutritive sweeteners are so-called because they provide little or no _________.

answer

energy

question

Digestion breaks down most carbohydrates into ___________.

answer

monosaccharides

question

Whole-grain flours are rich sources of fiber because they retain the grains'

answer

bran, endosperm, and germ.

question

What is a component of metabolic syndrome?

answer

Elevated blood pressure

question

Mikayla's doctor has suggested that she increase the fiber content of her diet. What would be good advice for Mikayla?

answer

Avoid excessive amounts of fiber as this could result in bloating and gas, purchase bread and grain products in which the first ingredient listed is "whole grain," and drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of fluid a day.

question

Insulin is synthesized and released by the

answer

pancreas.

question

If you are physically active, it is especially important to replenish the fuel you burn by eating enough _______.

answer

carbohydrates

question

Gluconeogenesis is the

answer

synthesis of new glucose from amino acids.

question

The glycemic index shows how foods affect our ______.

answer

blood glucose levels

question

What type of bread contains the most fiber?

answer

1 slice of white wheat bread

question

What diet is associated with the development of ketosis?

answer

a diet that contains insufficient carbohydrate

question

Aspartame cannot be used to prepare cooked foods because

answer

heat destroys its flavor.

question

T/F: Moderate weight loss can reduce or eliminate symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

answer

true

question

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

answer

two monosaccharides.

question

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body can no longer regulate _______.

answer

glucose

question

The label on a granola cereal box indicates that it contains 40 grams of total carbohydrate, 13 grams of sugar, and 240 Calories per serving. What percent of Calories in a serving comes from sugar?

answer

22%

question

A technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is

answer

carbohydrate loading.

question

T/F: It is unsafe to use food past its "sell by" date.

answer

false

question

T/F: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the sale, distribution, and disposal of pesticides in the United States.

answer

true

question

Potatoes that have turned green likely contain the toxin

answer

solanine.

question

Which human organ system is MOST affected by toxic levels of mercury?

answer

nervous

question

T/F: The FDA recommends that pregnant women and young children eat no more than 12 oz of fish per week.

answer

true

question

T/F: All additives are synthetic.

answer

false

question

Mad cow disease is a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a(n)

answer

prion.

question

One of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent foodborne illnesses is to

answer

wash hands before handling food.

question

T/F: Refrigerating or freezing foods will kill any bacteria present in the food.

answer

false

question

Which of the following would NOT help reduce exposure to bisphenol A (BPA)?

answer

microwaving foods in plastics marked with recycling codes 3 or 7

question

Which of the following is an infectious protein that can lead to mad cow disease?

answer

a prion

question

Which of the following is NOT a type of fungi?

answer

prions

question

Two types of fungi are yeasts and ______.

answer

molds

question

T/F: The only way to be sure that meat is thoroughly cooked is to check the internal temperature with a food thermometer.

answer

true

question

T/F: Organically grown foods are just as likely to be contaminated with pesticide residues as conventionally grown foods.

answer

false

question

Four factors affecting survival and reproduction of food microorganisms include temperature, humidity, acidity, and _________.

answer

oxygen content

question

The danger zone is the temperature range between ___.

answer

40Â° to 140Â° F

question

For the 4th of July, Angel is planning a barbeque with her friends at a lakeside park. What practice should she avoid in order to prevent an outbreak of foodborne illness?

answer

Grill hamburgers to medium rare.

question

What are effects of excessive exposure to lead?

answer

cardiovascular disease in adults, kidney disease in adults, and learning and behavioral disorders in children

question

The main symptom associated with Clostridium botulinum intoxication is

answer

paralysis.

question

T/F: The target intensity for flexibility is to stretch through a joint's full range of motion.

answer

true

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