EVR ch 6 – Flashcard

The human population is approximately ________. 1.5 million 1.5 billion 6.9 million 7 billion 10 billion

Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present? -Rapid, explosive growth throughout the period -Slow, steady growth throughout the period -Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth -Early rapid growth which has leveled off to a nearly constant rate in the last 20 years -Early rapid growth which has increased rapidly in the last 20 years

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%. 5 20 25 1.5 10

The world population growth rate is currently close to ________%. 2.5 20 5 10 1.2

The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. -steady state, no change -rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable -increasing and unsustainable -decreasing and sustainable -from unsustainable to sustainable

Malthus was responsible for ________. -the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war -the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth -recognizing the demographic transition effect in developing nations -the idea that population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity -defining the concept of ecosystem services

Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true? -When the growth rate decreases, population size will increase by greater increments with each successive generation. -If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation. -Growth rate and population size are not related. -When the growth rate increases steadily, population size decreases steadily.

When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population? -The population shifts towards females. -The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases. -The average age of the population grows younger. -The average age of the population grows older.

Which of the following are the three principal effects of a human population that determine its impact on the environment (the IPAT model)? -population, adaptation, total fertility rate -pollution, aggression, technology -population, adaptation, technology -population, affluence, technology

Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact? P for population A for affluence T for technology I for environmental impact

Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth? India the United States Russia Canada

Part A Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape? -pyramid -inverted pyramid -a rectangle tapering toward the top -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. Part B Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape? -inverted pyramid -pyramid -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -a rectangle tapering toward the top Part C Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape? -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size. -a rectangle tapering toward the top -pyramid -inverted pyramid -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size.

In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. -consumption should increase -consumption should decrease -population growth rates should increase -birth rates should increase -birth rates should remain constant

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. -increases environmental impact -increases population -decreases environmental impact -decreases sensitivity -increases sensitivity

The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. -is a problem because some resources are limited and can be depleted -is not a problem because disease will limit population size -will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals -will result in exponential population growth -is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones

Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster? Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________. -space exploration has revealed new frontiers -world population growth has been slower than expected -technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources -Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity -Malthus's measurements were inaccurate

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true? -Population growth is evenly divided with 50% of the increase coming from the developed countries and 50% from the developing countries. -The human population has been growing at a steady and constant rate since 1800. -The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger. -The human population peaked in the 1960s and has been declining since.

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population? 35 years 25 years 350 years 100 years

Why do we study demography? -Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes. -Demography involves the nature of viruses. -Demography examines the interactions between living and nonliving members of an ecosystem -Demography explores the relationship between population and war.

What is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain? carrying capacity total fertility rate population density tipping point

Of the following, which provide the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable? Hints -rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration -availability of medical procedures -the carrying capacity -affluence and technology

What occurs during the final stage, the post-industrial stage, of the demographic transition model? Hints -The population size rapidly increases. -Both the birth rate and the death rate continue along at very low levels. -The birth rate and the death rate are high. -The birth rate slowly decreases and the death rate decreases.

When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population? -TFR will increase since women are able to stay at home rather than work in the fields to grow food. -The total population decreases. -Population growth rate slows. -The population growth becomes exponential.

How do women cause a reduction in the TFR? -through empowerment, personal choice and education -promiscuity through available contraception -Lower levels of education for women leads to lower growth rates. -High rates of female literacy result in high population growth rates.

Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true? -Humans do not have a carrying capacity because we are at the top of the food chain. -Earth's carrying capacity for humans is approximately 350 million people. -Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. -Earth can support an infinite number of humans.

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past? -lack of education for women -better medical care -increased dependence on farming for survival -lack of access to birth control

Part A What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000? There was no overall trend. Household size decreased. Household size stayed the same. Household size increased. Part B What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people? 16.5% 17.2% 64.4% 74.9% Part C In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______. -increased relative to households of 3 or fewer people -stayed the same -decreased by approximately 10% -decreased by approximately 1% Part D Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development? -Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. -Larger households (those with 4 or more than 5 people) mean a larger population and higher overall environmental impacts. -If more households are small (with 1 or 2 people), energy consumption will decrease. -There is no relationship between household size and energy and land use. Part E If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected? -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease. -Households of 1 and 2 people will increase. -All household size categories will decrease.

Part A Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent? -the number of people born in a particular year -the total population, in millions -the percentage of the population in each age class -the population of males and females -the age classes, in 5-year ranges Part B What do the bars on the graphs represent? -the number of males and females born in different years -the percentage of males and females in each age group -the number of males and females in each age group -birth rate or death rate for each age group Part C In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger? about 0.6 million about 1.2 million about 0.6 billion cannot be determined from the graph Part D The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red? -The people in that age class are past reproductive age. -The people in that age class are of reproductive age. -The answer cannot be determined from the graphs. -The people in that age class have not yet reached reproductive age. Part E The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________. was increasing was stable was decreasing cannot be determined from the graph Part F In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people? children between 5 and 14 adults between 25 and 34 adults between 35 and 45 adults between 45 and 54 adults between 55 and 64 Part G In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid? -the increased availability of oral contraceptives in the 1950s and 1960s -a decline in the birth rate during the Great Depression of the 1930s -an increase in the death rate during World War I and the influenza epidemic of 1917 -a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945 Part H Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014. -The proportion of the population made up of children (ages 0-15) will increase. -The proportion of the population made up of adults of reproductive age will increase. -The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase. -The answer cannot be determined from the graph. Part I Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger? -providing prenatal care -building new schools -providing long-term care for the elderly -providing childhood vaccinations

Looking at the figure, you are able to determine ________. -that the population in the part (b) is aging rapidly -that the population in the part (b) is growing rapidly -that there was a "baby boom" in the population on the right 30 years ago -that the population in the part (b) has many more males than females -that the population in part (a) is growing rapidly

Part A Which climate contains the highest population density? humid continental, warm summer semiarid tropical rainy humid continental, cool summer humid subtropical Part B Which of the following climates contains the LOWEST population density? marine west coast tropical rainy tropical wet and dry subarctic highland Part C Why does Africa have the highest total fertility rate but a lower population density than parts of southern and eastern Asia? -People in southern and eastern Asia are spread out over a greater area. -Africa has greater biodiversity. -People in Africa are spread out over a greater area. -Africa has more people than southern and eastern Asia. -None of the listed responses are correct. Part D Which region has the highest percentage of its population under age 15? South America Asia North America Africa All of the listed responses are correct. Part E What does a high percentage of population under age 15 tell us about a region's potential for population growth? -The region's population will likely fluctuate. -The region's population will likely decrease. -The region's population will likely increase. -The region's population will likely remain stable. -None of the listed responses are correct.

The population in part (a) is likely to experience ________ soon. -resource depletion and decreased quality of life -more single males -exponential population growth -government institution of a population control policy -more senior citizens

Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations? Brazil India United States Indonesia Vietnam

Replacement fertility ________. -is below 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean -is a contraceptive technique -restores population size after a catastrophic event -is below 2 in Africa -is equal to 2.1 in stable populations

Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________. -result in having children at a younger age -decrease the use of contraception -raise TFR -lower TFR -have no effect on TFR or contraceptive use

Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage. pre-industrial revolutionary post-industrial transitional stabilization

Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate? Pakistan Spain Italy United States Canada

The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources. 60 40 10 80 20

In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. stage 1, the preindustrial stage stage 2, the transitional stage stage 3, the industrial stage stage 4, the postindustrial stage stage 5, the stability transition stage

A population which is not growing will have a TFR of ________. 2.1 zero less than 1.0 5 or higher 1.2

Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster? Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________. -African nations have instituted similar programs -China's population growth rate is much lower than it was in the 1970s -European nations have instituted similar programs -environmental problems in China have been virtually eliminated -there is a younger population in China today

What causes a decline in fertility rates? -per capita income decreases -an increase in infant mortality and death rate -a decrease in family planning and birth control -an increase in family planning and birth control

Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced? TFR carrying capacity ecological footprint demographic transition

Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies? -They are removing older populations that are more likely to adopt new technologies. -They are removing only men from the population. -They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class. -They are removing many of the youngest, most reproductively active members of society, limiting population growth.

Part A Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________. -leads to an increase in sexually-transmitted infections -requires travel that many families cannot afford. -is too expensive -is forbidden by the government Part B The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________. the other children in the family the religious practices of the family the amount of available food the father Part C To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________. -educating and empowering women -increasing the availability of abortions -forced sterilization of women who already have three children -giving people money to purchase birth control Part D What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________. -become increasingly unpredictable, families have fewer children -rise, families have fewer children -fall, families have fewer children -None of the listed responses above is correct.

Part A According to the graph, what type of relationship exists between a nation's total fertility rate and its female secondary school enrollment rate? positive negative no obvious relationship Part B Which two statements are supported by the graph? -Increasing female secondary school enrollment is strongly associated with reduced fertility rates. -Female secondary school enrollment causes fertility rates to decrease. -Cambodia and Guatemala have similar fertility rates but differ in their secondary school enrollment rates. -Data from India strongly support the correlation between female secondary school enrollment and lower fertility rates. -Decreased fertility rates result in more access to education for girls. -Increasing females' access to education is the best way to lower fertility rates.

Part A If predictions hold true, which two countries will be responsible for adding the most cars to the world's total by 2030? Brazil and the United States United States and China Brazil and India China and India Part B You are an automobile engineer focused on decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide produced per mile driven. What are you working on? carbon quantification carbon intensity carbon certification carbon concentration Part C Who sets automobile efficiency standards in the United States? auto industry federal government United Nations oil companies Part D You work for the Department of Transportation in the United States. You are sent to the country that has done the most to encourage electric car use to learn how they did so. Where do you go? Norway Belgium Finland Sweden Part E When it comes to climate change, which of the following is the least desirable way to produce the electricity for electric vehicles? using coal using wind power using nuclear power using solar power

Part A You are an environmental toxicologist studying permethrin. Your research confirms what the EPA has said about this chemical. What did you find? -Permethrin is harmful to humans, but not to fish. -Permethrin is harmful to both fish and humans. -Permethrin is not harmful to fish or humans. -Permethrin is harmful to fish, but not to humans. Part B You have developed a new way to keep mosquitoes away from sleeping people at night by dissipating the gas that attracts them. What gas did you focus on? carbon monoxide oxygen carbon dioxide methane Part C Which of the following is most likely to have the highest concentration of permethrin? -Fish hung to dry in the sun. -Fish dried in the sun on bare ground. -Undried, fresh fish. -Fish dried in the sun while sitting on a typical mosquito net. Part D If what happened in Madagascar holds true for other locations, which of the following will happen? -Temporary bans on the use of mosquito nets for fishing will be tried with mixed results. -Bans on using mosquito nets for fishing will be tried, but will not be successful. -No attempt will be made to regulate the use of mosquito nets for fishing. -Bans on using mosquito nets for fishing will be implemented, and will be successful. Part E Which of the following is likely the most effective way to increase the use of mosquito nets for their intended purpose? -Make the holes in the nets smaller to increase effectiveness. -Sell fishing nets for a cheaper price. -Treat the nets with a more effective pesticide. -Impose fines on those using the nets for fishing.

Part A Which of the following is currently contributing to low birth rates across much of Europe? Large government surpluses. High unemployment. Food shortages. Lack of women's rights. Part B Birthrate is which of the following? Number of births per man. Number of births per woman. Number of births per couple. Number of births per family. Part C Why is Denmark so concerned with its low birth rates? -Because after more than 40 years of low birth rates, they are starting to see the effects. -Because they were warned by Finland of the results of low birth rates. -Because it is a new phenomenon. -Because it is just above replacement rate and the government doesn't want it to drop any lower. Part D Which of the following do most experts believe will be the result of low birth rates in Europe? economic prosperity economic collapse It is unknown. civil wars Part E Which of the following countries is closest to replacement fertility rate? Zimbabwe at 3.51 India at 2.48 Iceland at 2.08 Chile at 1.83