Evolution of Modern Biology 170 Exam 3 – Flashcards
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Following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are
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-genetically identical to one another -genetically identical to the parent cell
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In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the
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S Phase
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Which of the following process require normal cell division?
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-Embryonic Development -Cell replacement (including intestinal and skin cell replacement) -Wound healing
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During which phase of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate from one another?
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Anaphase
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During which phase of the cell cycle are sister chromatids initially produced?
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Interphase
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During which phase of the cell cycle are sister chromatids first visualized?
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Prophase
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Cell Cycle Stage Order:
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G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
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In which stage of the cell cycle does the cell spend the most time?
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Interphase
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Mitosis Order
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis?
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-You would have only one cell -You would have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell
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A normal cell that sustains irreparable DNA damage will most likely
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die by apoptosis
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What checkpoints prevents a normal cell from completing its cell cycle if it has not accurately replicated its DNA?
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G2-M
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Which is the best definition of cancer?
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A disease in which unregulated cell division occurs
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Cell cycle checkpoints are present to
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-Ensure that cancer does not occur -Ensure that each step of the cell cycle occurs accurately
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When your skin cells are exposed to UV light, such as tanning beds, DNA damage can occur. If one of these severely UV-irradiated skin cells is given the signal to divide, what are plausible outcomes?
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The cell will go through apoptosis, after the damage is detected
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Why would the cell make apoptosis the default mechanism when a problem in the cell cycle is detected?
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Apoptosis ensure that the cell dies instead of leading to cancer
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Which of the following properties should a promising new ovarian cancer drug have?
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Block mitosis in cancerous cells
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What are some side effects of cancer chemotherapy drugs?
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-Nausea -Diarrhea -Hair loss -Bone marrow cell loss
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Which of the following specific theories for cancer have correct corresponding reasons for choosing them?
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-Specific chemotherapies: cancer may be resistant to some chemotherapeutic agents -Radiation: metastatic cancer may be too far spread to be treated by chemotherapy and surgery -Surgery: tumor mass is in one place and the surgery will not unduly harm the patient
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A patient has metastatic melanoma-skin cancer. Is surgery a viable option for this patient?
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No, because the cancerous cells have spread throughout the body
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Which types of cells are triggered to go through apoptosis by radiation and chemotherapy treatments?
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Any cell that is rapidly undergoing cell division
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In the development of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer, what factors must be considered?
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-Environmental costs if the agent is from a living specimen -Production costs if the agent is rare or hard to isolate -Side effects the drug may have on noncancerous cells
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If a medically valuable drug is isolated from a rare plan, which of the following steps can be taken to ensure that the drug is made available to patients in need and that the plant is protected from overuse?
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-Try to cultivate the plant on a farm to ensure that sufficient supply is available independent of the plant in its native setting- -Try to find a related (and less rare) plant that produces a related compound with similar pharmaceutical activity -Use the structure of the compound to try to make a completely synthesis version of the chemical compound in a lab
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Which of the following will be important for the continued development of chemotherapeutic agents to better fight cancer?
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-Identification of compounds from new species of plants and animals from varied environments -Development of synthetic compounds that mimic naturally occurring compounds with anticancer effects -Efficient and effective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to individuals with cancer -Screening systems to look for potential compounds with anticancer properties
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Which of the following most influence the development of a female fetus?
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-The presence of two X chromosomes -The absence of a Y chromosome
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Why are more males than females affected by X-linked recessive generic diseases?
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-Because males have a Y chromosome that does not represent the same alleles as the X chromosomes and cannot mask the X-linked recessive allele -Because females have an additional X chromosome to make the X-linked recessive allele
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Why do some people have unusual chromosome combinations, such as XXY and XXX?
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Erros occurred in chromosome segregation during meiosis in their mothers and fathers
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Which of the following couple could have a boy with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
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A male without DMD and a female carrier
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Human skin color ranges from very light to dark black, with many distinct skin tones in between. Neglecting for a moment that skin color can be affected by sun exposure, what type of inheritance pattern probably governs skin color?
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Polygenic inheritance
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Why is type O Rh-negative the "universal donor"?
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No surface markers are present on the O Rh-negative blood cells to react with the recipient's immune system.
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Which of the following can be determined by amniocentesis and karyotyping?
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Trisomy 21
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Which of the following can result in a trisomy such as Down syndrome?
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An egg with 24 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes
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How do the two alleles of the CFTR gene in a lung cell differ?
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They are inherited from different parents
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What is the genotype of a person with cystic fibrosis?
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Two mutant CFTR genes, one each on the homologous chromosomes for chromosome 7
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In diploid organisms, having two homologous each each chromosome can be beneficial if one allele of a gene encodes a nonfunctional protein. Can haploid organisms survive the presence of non function alleles?
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No, because there is only one allele for the gene in each cell, and the nonfunctional allele has no other allele to mask it.
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Why is it possible for two healthy parents to give birth to a child with a genetic defect such as CF?
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CF is only evident in individual with two mutate alleles; a healthy parent could carry both a defective allele and a normal copy and be healthy
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A woman is heterozygous for the CF-associated gene (the alleles are represented here by the letters A and a). Assuming that meiosis occurs normally, which of the following represent eggs that she can produce?
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A, a
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Which of the following accurately describes meiosis?
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-Contains two rounds of division (meiosis I and meiosis II) -Ends with four gametes that are not the same genetically
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One of the purposes of meiosis is to __________.
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-Reduce the chromosome number in each cell by half
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In order for a child to develop cystic fibrosis,
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A sperm carrying a CF allele must fertilize an egg that also has that allele.
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What is the probability that the child will have both cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria?
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6.25%
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What is the probability that the child will have cystic fibrosis and be a carrier for phenylketonuria?
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12.5%
