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What is ethnicity?

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Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

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Why is ethnicity important in the face of globalization?

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It stands as our strongest bulwark for the preservation of local diversity. Even if globalization takes away language, religion, and other cultural elements, the diversity of ethnic identity will remain.

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Name the four most numerous ethnicities in the US?

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African-Americans-12%; Hispanics-9%, Asians-3%, American Indian-1%

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What are the three major Hispanic origins in the US?

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Mexico (Chicano-as)-64%; Puerto Rico- 11%; Cuba-4%

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Name 3 states that are a part of where more than half of all Hispanics in the US?

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AZ, CA, NM, TX; these four states plus FL and NY

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Name one of two states where the highest concentrations of Asians are located?

answer

Hawaii where they comprise 62% of the population; California w/ 9.6% is home to 1/3 of all Asians

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What ethnic group has similar distribution to African-Americans?

answer

Hispanics

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In the early 20th century what did Midwestern cities like Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit attract and why?

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They attracted ethnic groups primarily from S and E Europe to work in the rapidly growing steel, automotive, and related industries.

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For descendants of European immigrants, how is ethnic identity more likely to be retained?

answer

Through religion, food, and other cultural traditions, rather than through location of residence. Clustering of restaurants in areas such as Little Italy and Greektown.

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What is a visible remnant of early 20th century ethnic neighborhoods?

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White police officers were acquitted despite videotape evidence, of beating an African-American Rodney King. In the south side of neighborhoods, unrest broke out. Many of the stores that were looted or burned by African-Americans were owned by Asian-Americans.

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What is the clustering of ethnicity within the US a function of?

answer

Migration

question

What are the 3 major migration flows that have shaped the African-American distribution within the US?

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Immigration from Africa to the American colonies in the 18th century; immigration from the US South to northern cities during the first ½ of the 20th century; immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the 2nd half of the 20th century

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Who was responsible for diffusing slavery to the Western Hemisphere?

answer

Europeans

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Where did most of the slaves get imported to in the western hemisphere?

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Caribbean islands; Brazil

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What is race?

answer

An identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor... it comes from a middle-French word for generation

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Distinguish between race and ethnicity for Hispanics.

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Hispanic or Latino is not considered a race, son on the census form members of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity select any race they wish-white, black, or other

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What are traits that characterize race?

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Those that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children

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What is racism?

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The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race; a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

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Why is ethnicity important to geographers?

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Because its characteristics derive from the distinctive features of particular places on Earth

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What is a distinctive feature of race relations in the US?

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The strong discouragement of spatial interaction of races-in the past through legal means, today through cultural preferences or discrimination

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What is apartheid?

answer

The physical separation of different races into different geographic areas

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What is nationality? Where does it derive from?

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Identity with a group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural tradition; the Latin word nasci which means to have been born

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How does nationality tie a group of people?

answer

Through legal status and cultural tradition; nationality and ethnicity both defined through shared cultural values

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Where do the cultural values shared w/ other of the same ethnicity come from ?

answer

Religion, language, and material culture

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Where do the cultural values shared w/ others of the same nationality come from?

answer

Voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties

question

Describe nationality, race, and ethnicity in the United States.

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Nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity and race in common usage. The American nationality identifies citizens of the USA, including those born in the country and those who immigrated and became citizens. Ethnicity identifies groups w/ distinct ancestry and cultural traditions, such as Hispanic-Americans, African-Americans, Chinese-Americans, or Polish-Americans. Race distinguishes blacks and other persons of color from whites. Every citizen is a member of the American nationality and is a member of a race but only some Americans identify with an ethnicity. A person could be distinct from an American in all three ways.

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Give an example of distinct ethnicity in Canada.

answer

The Quebecois in Canada are clearly distinct from other Canadians in language, religion, and other cultural traditions. Whether the Quebecois form a distinct ethnicity is disputed, because if they are a separate nationality, the Quebec government has a stronger argument to separate from Canada. By ethnicity rather than by nationality Ethnic groups have been transformed into nationalities because desire for self-rule is a very important shared attitude for many ethnicities. To preserve and enhance distinctive cultural characteristics, ethnicities seek to govern themselves without interference

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How do 19th century immigrants identify themselves today?

answer

white

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What is self-determination?

answer

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

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What is a nation-state?

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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

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What was most of Western Europe made of around 1900? Nations, states, or nation-states?

answer

Most of Western Europe was made up of nation-states. They disagreed over their boundaries, and competed to control territory in Africa and Asia. Eastern Europe included a mixture of empires and states that did not match the distribution of ethnicities. Following their defeat in WWI, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were dismantled, and many European boundaries were redrawn according to the principle of nation-states.

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What is nationalism? What does it typically promote?

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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality; a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others and emphasizes its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations

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How do people display nationalism?

answer

By supporting a state that preserves and enhances the culture and attitudes of their nationality, By promoting symbols of the nation-state such as flags and songs; Ex: hammer and sickle... burning flag a symbol of protest; nationalism also instilled through a national anthem The sense of unity within a nation-state is sometimes achieved through the creation of negative images of other nation-states; Ex: Travelers in SE Europe during the 70s and 80s found that jokes directed by one nationality against another recurred in the same form throughout the region, with only the target name changed

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How did colonial boundaries affect ethnicities?

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Boundaries of newly independent countries were often drawn to separate two ethnicities. However, boundary lines rarely can segregate two ethnicities completely. Members of an ethnicity caught on the "wrong" side of a boundary may be forced to migrate to the other side When the British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they divided the colony into 2 irregularly shaped countries, India and Pakistan. Pakistan comprised two noncontiguous areas, West Pakistan and East Pakistan-1600 km apart separated by India. East Pakistan became Bangladesh. An eastern region of India was also practically cut off from the rest of the country, attached only by a narrow corridor north of Bangladesh that is less than 13 km wide in some places

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What cultural trait has become a great source of national unity in India?

answer

Hinduism has become a great source of national unity in India. In modern India, with its hundreds of languages and ethnic groups, Hinduism has become the cultural trait shared by the largest percentage of the population.

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Describe the conflicts between Muslims and Hindus in India.

answer

After the British took over India in the early 1800s, a 3-way struggle began, with the Hindus and Muslims fighting each other as well the British rulers. Muslims believed that the British discriminated more against them than against the Hindus. When the British granted independence to the region following WWII, Hindus and Muslims fought over the organization of the newly independent region. Gandhi, the leading Hindu advocate of nonviolence and reconciliation w/ Muslims, was assassinated in 1948, ending the possibility of creating a single state in which Muslims and Hindus lived together peacefully.

question

Describe the conflict over Kashmi

answer

Pakistan and India never agreed on the location of the boundary separating the 2 countries in the northern region of Kashmir. The original partition gave India 2/3 of Kashmir, even though a majority of its ppl were Muslims. In recent t years, Muslims on the Indian side of Kashmir have begun a guerrilla war to secure independence. India blames Pakistan for the unrest and vows to retain its portion of Kashmir; Pakistan argues that Kashmiris on both sides of the border should choose their own future in a vote, confident that the majority Muslim population would break away from India.

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What are Sikhs?

answer

Religion combines elements of Islam and Hinduism; resents that they were not given their own independent country when India was partitioned; comprise a majority in the Indian state of Punjab even though they are only 2% of entire pop.; Sikh extremists have fought for more control over the Punjab or even complete independence from India

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Why is conflict widespread in Africa today?

answer

Because the present-day boundaries of states were drawn by European colonial powers about a 100 years ago w/o regard for the traditional distribution of ethnicities

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How many ethnicities does Africa contain?

answer

Several thousand with a common sense of language, religion, social customs Some tribes are divided among more than on modern state, while others have been grouped w/ dissimilar tribes

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Why is it difficult to determine the precise # of tribes in Africa?

answer

It is difficult to determine the precise # of tribes, because boundaries separating them are not usually defined clearly. Further, it is hard to determine whether a particular group forms a distinct tribe or is a part of a larger collection of very similar groups

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What was the traditional unit of division of African society before Europeans came in?

answer

The tribe rather than independent states w/ political and economic self-determination

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What happened when the colonies became independent states?

answer

The boundaries of the new states typically matched the colonial administrative units imposed by the Europeans, and most African states contained large #s of ethnicities

question

What is a multi-ethnic state? What is an example?

answer

State that contains more than one ethnicity; Belgium with Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-Speaking Walloons

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What is a multinational state? What is an example?

answer

State that contains two or more ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities; UK

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Between what groups have there been conflicts in Sudan?

answer

The black Christian and animist rebels in the southern provinces vs. the Arab-Muslim dominated government forces in the north; the black southerners have been resisting gov't attempts to convert the country from a multi-ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions

question

What happened to Jerusalem in 1948?

answer

Gained independence from UN

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What is special about Israel?

answer

The world's only country w/ a Jewish majority, and the Israeli nationality is the only one that combines loyalty to a state w/ Jewish religious traditions

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What is ethnic cleansing?

answer

A process in which amore powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

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Why is ethnic cleansing undertaken?

answer

Not simply to defeat an enemy or to subjugate them; to rid an area of an entire ethnicity so that the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants; involve removal of every member of the less powerful race

question

What is a recent example of ethnic cleansing?

answer

Practiced primarily by Bosnian Serbs against Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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What is balkanized?

answer

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by man ethnicities w/ complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other

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What is balkanization?

answer

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnicities

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