question

What is ethnic cleansing?

answer

ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous group

question

What is the point of ethnic cleansing?

answer

The point of ethnic cleansing is not just to defeat an enemy or subjugate them. Rather than a clash between armies, ethnic cleansing involves the removal of every member of the less powerful ethnicity

question

When did the largest forced migration take place?

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The largest forced migration came during world war 2 which was between 1939 and 1945. This was because of events leading up to the war, the war itself, and post war adjustments

question

What was the largest forced migration during World War 2?

answer

The especially notorious forced migration during the second world war was the deportation by the Nazis of millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to the infamous concentration camps, where most of the individuals were exterminated.

question

what was the largest forced migration after world war 2?

answer

After the second world war ended, millions of ethnic Germans, Poles, Russians, and other groups were forced to migrate as a result of boundary changes. When east Germany extended into Poland, the Germans had to move west and Poles into the area

question

When were Poles forced to move out of the eastern region of Poland?

answer

Poles were forced to move when the eastern portion of Poland was turned over to the Soviet Union.

question

Where has ethnic cleansing taken place recently?

answer

In recent years, ethnic cleansing within Europe has occurred in portions of former Yugoslavia, especially in Bosnia & Herzegovina, and Kosovo

question

What is the Balkan Peninsula?

answer

In southeastern Europe, the Balkan peninsula is the size of Texas, and is named for the Balkan mountains. The Balkan mountains extend east to west across the region. The Balkans includes Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania, as well as countries of Yugoslavia

question

What sparked world war 1?

answer

In June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria- Hungry was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serb who sought independence of Bosnia. Bosnia was apart of the Austria- Hungary empire.

question

Why were some Serbs angry with Austria Hungary?

answer

Some Serbs were angry with Austria because of its annexation of Bosnia. Archduke of Bosnia was assassinated by a Serb who wanted to unify Serbia with Austrian controlled Bosnia. The assassination prompted Austria to declare war on Serbia.

question

What did the allies create after world war 1?

answer

After World war 1, allies created a new country, Yugoslavia to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages

question

What does the prefix Yugo mean?

answer

The prefix Yugo derives from the slavic word for South

question

What did Yugoslavs claim?

answer

In the leadership of Josip Broz Tito, who governed Yugoslavia from 1953 until his death in 1980, Yugoslavs repeated that Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, Six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions two alphabets, and one dinar.

question

What are the seven neighborhoods of Yugoslavia?

answer

The seven neighbors of Yugoslavia included three long time democracies, Austria, Greece, and Italy. Yugoslavia also had four states that were governed by Communists including Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania

question

How was the diversity of neighbors beneficial?

answer

The diversity of neighbors reflected Yugoslavia's strategic location between Western democracies and Communist Eastern Europe

question

What type of government was Yugoslavia?

answer

Yugoslavia was a socialist country, but was militarily neutral after it had been expelled in 1948 from the Soviet dominated military alliance for being too independent minded. Communists in Yugoslavia permitted more ties with western democracies.

question

What are the 6 republics of Yugoslavia?

answer

The six republics within Yugoslavia: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. The six republics had more autonomy from the national government to run their own affairs than was the case in other Eastern European countries

question

What were the 5 nationalities in Yugoslavia?

answer

Five of the seven republics were named for the country's 5 ethnic groups. This includes Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrans, Serbs, and Slovanes. Bosnia and Herzegovina contained a mix of Serbs, Croats, and Muslims

question

What are the four official languages in Yugoslavia?

answer

Four official languages were recognized including Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slovene

question

What are the 3 major religions?

answer

The three major religions in Yugoslavia include Roman Catholic in the north, Orthodox in the east, and Islam in the South

question

Who were Roman Catholic in Yugoslavia?

answer

Croats and Slovenes were predominantly Roman Catholic

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Who were Orthodox in Yugoslavia?

answer

Serbs and Macedonians were predominantly Orthodox

question

Who were Muslim in Yugoslavia?

answer

Bosnians and Montenegrans were predominantly Muslim

question

What was the dinar of Yugoslavia?

answer

The dinar is the national unit of currency. Despite cultural diversity, common economic interests kept Yugoslavia's nationalities unified.

question

What was the northern portion of the Balkan Peninsula apart of?

answer

The Northern portions of the Balkan peninsula were incorporated into the Austro Hunagarian Empire

question

What were the Southern portion of the Balkan Peninsula apart of?

answer

The Southern portions of the Balkan Peninsula were ruled by the Ottomans

question

How did the Austira Hungary empire extend?

answer

Austria Hungary empire extended its rule farther South in 1878 to include Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the majority of the population had been converted to Islam.

question

What did the creation of Yugoslavia bring?

answer

The creation of Yugoslavia brought stability that lasted for most of the 1900s. Old animosities between ethnicities were submerged. People began to identify themselves as Yugoslavs rather than Serbs, Croats, or Montenegrens

question

When ethnic rivalries resurface in Yugoslavia?

answer

Rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced in Yugoslavia during the 1980s after Tito's death, leading to the breakup of Yugoslavia.

question

how did Yugoslavia break up?

answer

From Yugoslavia, 5 countries broke up from the country. Breaking away from the country included Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia during the 1990s. Montenegro seceded in 2006. The breakup of Yugoslavia left Serbia by itself

question

How did ethnicities act in Yugoslavia?

answer

In Yugoslavia, ethnic groups were not especially troubled by the division of the country into six republics

question

How did ethnicities act as separate countries were formed?

answer

When Yugoslavia's republics were transformed from local governments into five separate countries, ehtnicities fought to redefine boundaries.

question

What did the boundaries of Yugoslavia's republics fail to do?

answer

The boundaries of Yugoslavia's six republics fail to match the territory occupied by the five major nationalities, and the countries contained other important ethnic groups that had not received official recognition as nationalities

question

What were the ethnicities in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time of Yugoslavia's breakup?

answer

At the time of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was 48% Bosnian Muslim, 37% Serbs, and 14% Croats

question

What did the Serbs and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina do in result of the multi ethnic nature of the country?

answer

Rather than live in an independent multi ethnic state with a large Muslim population, Serbs and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims.

question

What did ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims ensure for the Serbs and Croats in Bosnia?

answer

Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims ensured that areas did not only have majorities of Serbs and Croats, but also ethnically homogeneous. If they were ethnically homogeneous, they were better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia

question

Why was the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims particularly severe?

answer

Ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serbs and Croats was especially severe due to the fact that much of the territory inhabited by Bosnian Serbs was separated from Serbia by areas of Bosnian Muslims. Continuous regions of Serbs and Croats were formed

question

What were the accords reached in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

answer

The leaders of the ethnicities divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into three regions, for Croats, Serbs, and Muslims. With cooperation, Bosnian Croat and Muslims were combined into a federation. The Serbs Bosnia has operated in independence from the others.

question

What were the ethnicities of Serbia after the breakup of Yugoslavia?

answer

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained a multi ethnic country. Kosovo was a province in Serbia, with 90% ethnic Albanians

question

What happened under Tito's rule

answer

under Tito's rule, ethnic Albanians in Kosovo received administrative autonomy and national identity

question

What was the downside of Kosovo's independence?

answer

Serbia has a historical claim to Kosovo, for Serbs controlled Kosovo between the 12 and 14th centuries. Serbs even fought a battle in Kosovo against the Ottoman Empire in 1389. Serbia was also given control over Kosovo in the early 20th century

question

What was the first of the four steps of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo by Serbs against Albanians?

answer

First of all, a large amount of military equipment and personnel into a village that has no strategic value

question

What was the second of the four steps of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo by Serbs against Albanians?

answer

In Bosnia, Serbs killed Muslim men and forced others to move. In Kosovo, the Serbs herded the Albanians together with women, children, and elderly rather than killing them

question

What was the third of the four steps of ethnic cleansing by Serbs towards Kosovo's Albanians?

answer

Serbs forced people into a convoy, some in vehicles and others had to walk towards the Albanian border

question

What was the forth step of ethnic cleansing by Serbs towards Kosovo's Albanians?

answer

The Serbs destroyed the vacated Albanian villages by setting them on fire.

question

When did the Serb ethnic cleansing of Albanians reach its peak?

answer

Serb ethnic cleansing of Albanians reached its peak in 1999. Serb ethnic cleansing had forced 750,000 of Kosovo's 2 million ethnic Albanians from their homes, mostly to camps in Albania

question

How did NATO respond to the Serbian ethnic cleansing of Kosovo's Albanians?

answer

The United States and other western European countries operated through North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was out raged by the ethnic cleansing of Albanians, and in response, launched an air strike against Serbia.

question

When did Kosovo gain its independence?

answer

Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. Around 60 countries including the United States recognize Kosovo as an independent country, but Serbia and Russia oppose their so called independence

question

What causes countries to balkanize?

answer

If a small geographic area could not be successfully organized into one stable state because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms towards each other.

question

What is Balkanization?

answer

Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

question

What did world leaders predict about Balkanization a century ago?

answer

World leaders inferred that Balkanization threatened the peace around the world, not just in the small area.

question

How did Balkanization lead to world war 1?

answer

Balkanization led directly to world war 1 because various nationalities in the Balkans dragged into war the larger powers with which they had alliances

question

What do the Balkans now look like?

answer

After the first and second world wars and the rise and fall of communism during the 20th century, the Balkans have once again become Balkanized in the 21st century

question

How did ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia quote, work?

answer

If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because in a tragic way, ethnic cleansing worked. Millions of people were rounded up and killed or forced to migrate because they constituted ethnic minorities.

question

Why might ethnic homogeneity be important in Yugoslavia?

answer

Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace in areas that were once multi ethnic

question

What is genocide?

answer

Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence. Sub Saharan Africa has been plagued by conflicts among ethnic groups that have resulted in genocide in recent years like in northeastern and central Africa

question

What countries in northeastern Africa have experienced genocide?

answer

In northeastern Africa, countries such as Sudan, Somalia, and Ethiopia, conflicts involving genocide have taken place

question

What was the genocide in Sudan?

answer

In Sudan, several civil wars have raged since the 1980s between the Arab Muslim dominated government in the north and other ethnicities located in the east, west, and south

question

What actions did the government in North Sudan do to contribute to the conflict in Sudan?

answer

The government attempted to form the multi ethnic country into a country of one nationality tied to Muslim traditions. In response, the black Christian and animist ethnicities in south Sudan resisted government attempts to demolish the multiethnic nature of the area

question

When was the north- south war of Sudan?

answer

The North- South war between 1983 to 2005 resulted in the death of 1.9 million Sudanese, mostly civilians. The war ended with the establishment of Southern Sudan an independent state in 2011. Fighting between north and south continued because of boundaries

question

When was the war in Darfur?

answer

As Sudan's religion war between north and south was winding down, an ethnic war erupted in Darfur. Darfur's black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003, as they resented discrimination and neglect by the Arab- Muslim government.

question

What did the Arab- Muslim do in result to the rebellion of black Muslims in Darfur?

answer

Marauding Arab nomads, known as the Janjaweed, with support of the Arab government, crushed Darfur's black population.

question

What did the Janjaweed do to Darfur's black population?

answer

The black population that was crushed by the Janjaweed was made up of mainly settled farmers. 480,000 of Darfur's blacks have been killed and 2.8 million have been living in the dire, or extremely conditions, of Darfur's desert

question

What have other countries said in result of the government's persecution?

answer

Actions of Sudan's government troops have been defined as being genocide by many other countries and charges of war crimes have been filed against Sudanese leaders.

question

What was the conflict in eastern Sudan about?

answer

The conflict in eastern Sudan was mainly caused by the disturbance of profits from oil in the region. Ethnicities in the east fought the Sudanese government in support of neighboring Eritrea.

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