Pysch #2: Intellectual Disability Flashcards
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During the eugenics movement, persons with intellectual disability were considered
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A threat to society
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IQ scores among individuals without intellectual disability are ____.
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relatively stable with the exception of infancy
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DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability consist of subaverage intellectual functioning of ____ or below and impairment in ________.
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70; adaptive functioning
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The prevalence estimate for intellectual disability in children and adults is about ____ of the entire population.
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1%
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Children with Down syndrome display considerable delay in ____.
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expressive language development
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When mainstreamed into a regular classroom, children with intellectual disability ____.
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end up being socially isolated because other children do not play with them
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The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in IQ scores between blacks and whites in North America is ____.
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economic and social inequalities
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Education of children with intellectual disability has been plagued by the fact that ____.
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the children lack the metacognitive capabilities needed to apply skills to new situations
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. In addition to intellectual difficulties, children with fetal alcohol syndrome often have difficulties that resemble ____.
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ADHD
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Lindsay and her sister were born into a socially disadvantaged family. Lindsay was adopted into a more privileged home. Lindsay's IQ score is likely to be:
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Higher than her sisters IQ
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____ is associated with intellectual disability and is a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome.
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Klienfelters syndrome
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The evidence points to a heritability of intelligence of approximately ____.
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50%
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Which statement regarding the causes of intellectual disability is false?
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The causes of mild intellectual disability are better understood than the causes of moderate to severe intellectual disability.
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The gene-environment interaction is referred to as ____.
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phenotype
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Leo Kanner used the term early infantile autism, which literally means ____.
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within ones self
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A DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD will be based on ____.
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One overarching category
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Joint attention refers to the ability to ____.
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coordinate one's focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest
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Children with ASD are most likely to use ____.
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instrumental gestures
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Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), may ____ the intellectual functioning of children with ASD.
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underestimate
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Many children with ASD also have ____.
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intellectual disability and epilepsy
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Recent findings estimate the prevalence of ASD worldwide to be ____.
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one per 68
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Current views regarding the causes of schizophrenia emphasize ____.
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genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults
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The most common comorbid disorders in children with schizophrenia are ____.
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conduct disorder and depression
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In comparison to children with ASD, children with childhood-onset schizophrenia ____.
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show less intellectual impairment
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In contrast to children with ASD, children formerly diagnosed with Asperger's disorder ____.
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display normal intellectual abilities
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____ strengthens behaviors by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.
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incidental training
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Studies of brain metabolism in individuals with ASD suggest decreased blood flow in these two lobes.
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frontal and temporal
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The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children be screened for ASD at _______.
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between 18 and 24 months
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Which disorder is determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what is expected for the child's age, schooling, and intellectual ability?
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specific learning disorder
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A child diagnosed with a learning disorder would typically score ____.
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better on an IQ test than on tests of academic achievement
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By mid to late adolescence, most children with communication disorders ____.
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have acquired normal language
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____ education strategies are based on the premise that children with special needs will benefit from associating with normally developing peers.
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inclusion
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For some children, recurrent ____ during the first year of life may be related to speech and language delays.
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ear infections
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Which of the following is a category of learning disorders?
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math
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Mary is reading out loud to her class. She reads "from," when in fact the word is "form." Mary has made a(n) ____ error.
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transportation
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) mandate that children with special needs ____.
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should have access to all educational services
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____ is based on the premise that the ability to decode and recognize words accurately and rapidly must be acquired before reading comprehension can occur.
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direct instruction
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With regard to reading and phonological processing, a specific defect in perception of ____ may interfere with many different brain functions, and has been noted in children with autism and learning disorders.
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visual motion
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Heritability accounts for approximately ____ of the variance in reading disorders.
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60%
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Children with learning disorders are likely to also have ____.
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poor academic self-concept
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The most common learning disorder is in ____.
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reading
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Evidence of mathematics disorder typically emerges ____.
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well before entry into school
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Children with ADHD generally ____.
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want to do well but have difficulty due to limited self-control
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Jeremy cannot remember a phone number without jotting it down. He demonstrates a deficit in ____.
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attentional capacity
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What might be the most difficult task for a child with ADHD?
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working 45 mins. on a simple math sheet
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Children with ADHD who are at increased risk for conduct or oppositional problems are those who exhibit ____.
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behavioral impulsivity
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In comparison to children with ADHD-HI, children with the subtype ADHD-PI are at greater risk of ____.
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anxiety / mood disorders
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ADHD is included in DSM-5 as a ____ disorder because it has a(n) ____.
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neurodevelopment; early onset and persistent course
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One reason that ADHD is so challenging is that approximately ____ percent of children with ADHD have a co-occurring psychological disorder
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80
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What were the results of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA Study)?
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Three years after the conclusion of the treatment, only the medication management group continued to benefit from treatment.
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Stimulant medications work by ____.
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altering neurotransmitter activity in the frontostriatal region of the brain (stimulating areas that are underaroused)
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Twin studies suggest that ____ factors play the largest role in accounting for ADHD.
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heritable
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Children with ADHD display deficits in ____.
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arousal
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Which is true of the course of ADHD?
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Many adults have ADHD but were never been diagnosed in childhood.
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Which is true regarding ADHD and culture?
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Differences in the prevalence of ADHD across cultures may reflect cultural norms
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The best prevalence estimate for ADHD in school-age children in North America is ____.
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5% to 9%
