Question 1

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.  reinforcement   the Law of Negative Effect   conditional emotional linkages   a long time delay

Accepted Answer

reinforcement

Question 2

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?  partial reinforcement   interval reinforcement   continuous reinforcement   ratio reinforcement

Accepted Answer

continuous reinforcement

Question 3

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________. stimulus generalization   generalization gradient   stimulus discrimination   discrimination gradient

Accepted Answer

stimulus generalization

Question 4

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that\'s ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that\'s _________.  voluntary; involuntary   involuntary; voluntary   operant; instrumental   instrumental; classical

Accepted Answer

involuntary; voluntary

Question 5

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.  operant conditioning   classical conditioning   effective based learning   spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 6

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?  punisher   positive reinforcer   negative reinforcer   conditioned response

Accepted Answer

positive reinforcer

Question 7

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?  variable interval   fixed ratio   fixed interval   interval ratio

Accepted Answer

variable interval

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?  Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time.   Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement.  Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.   Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

Question 9

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.  it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles   once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action   it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes   memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent

Accepted Answer

it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes

Question 10

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.  the metronome was not a distinctive sound   the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit   you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit   Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

Accepted Answer

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

Question 11

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert\'s conditioned fear?  Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.   Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.   Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.   Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.

Accepted Answer

Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.

Question 12

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.  primary   negative   positive   secondary

Accepted Answer

primary

Question 13

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?  Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.   Bill\'s wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.   Bill\'s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.   Bill will never bathe the dog again.

Accepted Answer

Bill\'s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Question 14

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.  blocking   conditioned taste-aversion   operant taste conditioning   noncontingent conditioning

Accepted Answer

conditioned taste-aversion

Question 15

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?  if it is a primary reinforcer   if it is a positive reinforcer   if it is a negative reinforcer   regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

Accepted Answer

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

Question 16

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.  food   praise   money   attention

Accepted Answer

food

Question 17

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.  can potentially reinforce or punish behavior   do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever   do not inherently satisfy physical needs   only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise

Accepted Answer

do not inherently satisfy physical needs

Question 18

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.  fixed interval   variable interval   fixed ratio   variable ratio

Accepted Answer

fixed interval

Question 19

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?  The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.   The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.   The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.   The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov\'s assistant and before they got the food.

Accepted Answer

The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov\'s assistant and before they got the food.

Question 20

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.  classical conditioning   operant conditioning   biofeedback theory   social learning theory

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 21

Little Albert\'s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.  classical counterconditioned   conditioned emotional   positively reinforced   negatively reinforced

Accepted Answer

conditioned emotional

Question 22

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?  fixed interval   variable ratio   variable interval   fixed ratio

Accepted Answer

fixed ratio

Question 23

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.  behavior modification   stimulus discrimination   extinction   stimulus generalization

Accepted Answer

stimulus generalization

Question 24

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally\'s parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A\'s on her tests?  gradual reinforcement   sporadic reinforcement   continuous reinforcement   partial reinforcement

Accepted Answer

partial reinforcement

Question 25

After Pavlov\'s dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________.  acquisition   testing   extinction   spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 26

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.  classical conditioning   operant conditioning   vicarious learning   cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?  Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.  Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.  Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.  Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog\'s feelings toward the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Question 28

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.  counterconditioning   instinctive drift   spontaneous recovery   stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

spontaneous recovery

Question 29

The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.  Thorndike   Wolpe   Seligman   Bandura

Accepted Answer

Seligman

Question 30

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?  Her son must always model the behavior immediately.   Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.   Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.   Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.

Accepted Answer

Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.

Question 31

A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children\'s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?  Bandura   Tolman   Skinner   Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 32

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael\'s own relationships when he is older?  Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.  Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.  Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.  Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Accepted Answer

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

Question 33

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the \"Bobo\" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ________.  Bandura\'s pet name for the dog used in the study   Bandura\'s loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study   Bandura\'s nickname that his wife had given him   the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study

Accepted Answer

the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study

Question 34

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ______.  learned helplessness   contingency blocking   latent learning   response generalization

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness

Question 35

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven\'t seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.  spontaneous recovery   insight   formation of a cognitive map   unconscious trial-and-error imagery

Accepted Answer

formation of a cognitive map

Question 36

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________.  learned helplessness   avoidance learning   aversive conditioning   vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness

Question 37

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.  insight   innate learning   vicarious learning   latent learning

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 38

Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________.  observational learning   classical conditioning   AMIM   shaping

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 39

A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children\'s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?  observational learning   operant conditioning   classical conditioning   insight learning

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 40

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?  Kohler   Tolman   Seligman   Skinner

Accepted Answer

Kohler

Question 41

A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain\'s electrical activity. The person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is best called _________.  biofeedback   behavior modification   operant conditioning   neurofeedback

Accepted Answer

neurofeedback

Question 42

Observational learning theory\'s foremost proponent is ________.  Watson   Thorndike   Skinner   Bandura

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 43

Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________.  autism   ADHD   schizophrenia   depression

Accepted Answer

depression

Question 44

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?  insight learning   operant conditioning   classical conditioning   observational learning

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 45

A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can\'t break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?  attention   memory   imitation   desire

Accepted Answer

imitation

Question 46

Which of the following is true of research on insight?  Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.  Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.  Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.  Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Question 47

A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________.  classical conditioning   instinctive drift   primary reinforcement   behavior modification

Accepted Answer

behavior modification

Question 48

In Bandura\'s study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________.  latent learning   operant conditioning   classical conditioning   insight learning

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 49

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.  the learning/performance distinction   the innate performance preference   the delayed learning paradigm   the observational delay effect

Accepted Answer

the learning/performance distinction

Question 50

The \"aha!\" experience is known as ________.  latent learning   insight learning   thoughtful learning   serial enumeration

Accepted Answer

insight learning

Question 51

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.  insight   latent learning   placebo learning   innate learning

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 52

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.  generalization   discrimination   latent learning   insight learning

Accepted Answer

insight learning

Question 53

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ______.  learned helplessness   contingency blocking   latent learning   response generalization

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness

Question 54

Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?  conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep   conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive   conditioning children to be on time for school   conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure

Accepted Answer

conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure

Question 55

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl\'s learning to share is an example of ________.  classical conditioning   operant conditioning   contingency theory   observational learning

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 56

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions.  sleep   anxiety   relaxation   heightened awareness

Accepted Answer

relaxation

Question 57

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.  Shaping   Spontaneous recovery   Stimulus generalization   Stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 58

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________.  collective   animus   anima   preconscious

Accepted Answer

collective

Question 59

One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is that ________________.  the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not   the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist   the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not   the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view

Accepted Answer

the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not

Question 60

What is Albert Bandura\'s term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?  feedback loops   learned responses   reciprocal determinism   external expectancies

Accepted Answer

reciprocal determinism

Question 61

For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind.  unconscious   preconscious   collective unconscious   conscious

Accepted Answer

preconscious

Question 62

According to Karen Horney, what causes us to develop a neurotic personality?  getting fixated at the oral stage of development   being raised without love, affection, and security   failing to adequately resolve the Oedipus complex   conflict between the anima and the animus

Accepted Answer

being raised without love, affection, and security

Question 63

Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of:  operant conditioning and vicarious learning.   classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.   observational learning and classical conditioning.   behavioral reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.

Question 64

Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how much studying she does, it won\'t matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda:  has an external locus of control.   has an internal locus of control.   has an introverted personality.   has an extraverted personality.

Accepted Answer

has an external locus of control.

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