question

Learning that persists over time indicates the exsistance of ______ for that learning

answer

Memory

question

The ability to retrieve info not in conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time is called _____. The ability to identify previously learned items is called____.

answer

Recall Recognition

question

Researches found that 25 years after graduation people were not able to _____ the names of their classmates but were able to _____ 90% of their names and their yearbook photos

answer

Recall Recognize

question

If you have learned something then forgotten it you will probably be able to ____ it ____ quickly than you did originally. This idea was first tested by pioneering memory researcher _____ who used ____ to test his memory

answer

Relearn More Hermann Ebbinghaus Nonsense syllables

question

Additional rehearsal of learned material called ______,(increases/ does not increase) retention

answer

Overlearning Increases

question

Fill in the blank test questions are to multiple choice questions as ____

answer

Recall to recognition

question

Both human memory and computer memory can be viewed as_____ systems that perform three tasks_____, _______ and _____. Unlike the computer which processes ______ our brain processes many things ____. This is called _____. The model called ____ views memory as emerging from interconnected ______

answer

Information-processing Encoding Storage Retrieval Sequentially Simultaneously Connectionism Parallel processing Neural networks

question

The classic model of memory has been atkinsons and shiffrins ______ model. According to this model we first record info as a fleeting _____from which it is processed into ______ memory where the info is _____ through rehearsal into _____ memory for later retrieval

answer

Three stage processing Sensory memory Short term Encoded Long term

question

The phenomenon of short term memory has been clarified by the concept of ______memory which focuses more on the _____ processing of briefly stored info. This form of memory is sometimes called the ______.

answer

Working Active Central executive

question

Facts and experiences that we can consciously declare make up ______ memory, which is also called ____ memory. Such memories are processed through conscious ______ processing. Processing that happens without awareness called ______, produces ______ memories, which are also called ______

answer

Explicit Declarative Effortful Automatic processing Implicit Nondeclarative memories

question

Elderly Mr F, a retired electrician can easily remember how to wire a light switch but he can not remember the name of the president, evidently Mr F's _____ memory is better than his ____ memory.

answer

Implicit, explicit

question

Implicit memories include ______ memory for skills and associations among stimuli formed by _______

answer

Procedural Classical conditioning

question

The first thing Karen did when she discovered that she misplaced her keys was to recreate in her mind the days events. That she had little difficulty in doing so illustrates _____ processing

answer

Automatic

question

Stimuli from the environment are first recorded in ____ memory

answer

Sensory

question

George Sperling found that when people were briefly shown three rows of letters they could recall ______ of them. When Sperling sounded a low high or medium tone to indicate which letters were to be recalled the participants were much _____ accurate. This suggestion that people have brief photographic or ______ memory lasting about a few tenths of a second.

answer

About half More Iconic

question

Sensory memory for sounds is called _____ memory. This memory fades ____ rapidly than photographic memory, lasting for as long as ______

answer

Echoic Less 3 or 4 seconds

question

Our short term memory capacity is about ____ chunks of info. This capacity was discovered by _____.

answer

7 George miller

question

Peterson and Peterson found that when _____ was prevented by asking ppl to count backward, memory for letters was gone after 12 seconds. Without ____ processing, short term memories have a limited life

answer

Rehearsal Active

question

The capacity of working memory ______ a persons intelligence levels

answer

Reflects

question

Brenda has trouble remembering her new five digit zip plus four digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for what Brenda is having

answer

Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's short term memory capacity.

question

Memory may be aided by grouping info into meaningful units called ____

answer

Chunks

question

Memory aids are known as _____ devices

answer

Mnemonic

question

Using a jingle such as the one that begins with " one is a bun" is an example of the ________ system

answer

Peg-word

question

Another memory aid involves forming words from the first letters of to be remembered words, the resulting word is called an _____

answer

Acronym

question

When ppl develop expertise in an area, they process info into _____

answer

Hierarchies

question

The early memory researcher _____ found that distributed rehearsal is more effective for retention, this is called the _____. Other researchers have found that the ___ the space between practice sessions, the better the retention.

answer

Herman ebbinghaus Spacing effect Longer

question

Repeated self testing is a good way to _____ practice. Henry Roediger and Jeffery Karpicke called this the _____

answer

Distribute Testing effect

question

Encoding material on a basic level based on _____ or the ____ of words is called _____. Encoding material,______ based on the meaning of the word is called ___________. ______ processing tends to yield the best retention

answer

Letters Sounds Shallow processing Semantically Deep processing Deep

question

Material that is not _____ is difficult to process. We have especially good recall for info we can meaningfully relate to ourselves, called the _____ effect

answer

Meaningful Self reference

question

The process of getting info out of memory storage is called ____.

answer

Retrieval

question

Visual sensory memory is referred to as ____

answer

Iconic memory

question

Echoics memory fade after approximately ____

answer

3-4 seconds

question

Which of the following is not a measure of retention

answer

Retrieval

question

Our short term memory span is approximately ____ items

answer

7

question

Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg word system are called ___

answer

Mnemonic devices

question

One way to increase the amount of info in memory is to group it into larger familiar units. This process is referred to as _____

answer

Chunking

question

The spacing effect means that

answer

Distributed study yields better retention than cramming

question

In Sperlings memory experiment research participants were shown three rows of three letters followed immediately by a low medium or high tone. The participants were able to report ____

answer

Any one of the three rows of letters

question

Memory for skills is called___

answer

Implicit memory

question

When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was ___

answer

Better for the categorized words

question

the three stage processing model of memory was proposed by ____

answer

Atkinson and Shiffrin

question

Which of the following measure of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?

answer

Recall

question

Which type of word processing results in the greatest retention?

answer

Deep

question

Info is maintained in short term memory only briefly unless it is ____

answer

Rehearsed

question

Textbook chapters are often organized into ____ to facilitate information processing

answer

Hierarchies

question

Semantic encoding is a type of ____

answer

Deep processing

question

In contrast to short term memory and contrary to popular belief the capacity of permanent memory is essentially _____

answer

Unlimited

question

Psychologist ____ attempted to locate memory by cutting out pieces of rats ____ after they had learned a maze. He found no matter what he cut the rats _____ the maze

answer

Karl Lashley Cortexes Remembered

question

Many brain regions send input to your _____ loves for working memory processing

answer

Frontal

question

The neural center of the limbic system that is particularly important in memory is the _____. This brain structure is important in the processing and storage of ____ memories. Damage on the left side of this structure impairs ____ memory. Damage on the right side impairs memory for ____ designs and locations. The rear part of this structure processes ____ memory

answer

Hippocampus Explicit Verbal Visual Spatial

question

The hippocampus seems to function as a zone where the brain ___ stores the elements of a memory. This process is called _____. However memories _____migrate for storage elsewhere. The hippocampus is active during ____ sleep as memories are processed and filled for later retrieval. ____ areas surrounding the hippocampus support the processing and storing of explicit memories.

answer

Temporarily Memory consolidation Do Deep Hippocampus Temporal

question

Brad who suffered accidental damage to the left side of his hippocampus has trouble remembering _______

answer

Verbal info

question

After suffering damage to the hippocampus a person would probably _____

answer

Lose the ability to store new facts

question

The cerebellum is important in the process of ____ memories. Humans and laboratory animals with a damaged cerebellum are incapable of simple ____ conditioning

answer

Implicit Eye blink

question

Deep brain structures called the ____ which are also involved in ____ movement, facilitates formation of the ____ memories for skills.

answer

Basal ganglia Motor Procedural

question

The dual implicit explicit memory system helps explain ____ amnesia. We do not have explicit memories of our first three years for two reasons:explicit memory requires the use of words that nonspeaking children ___ learned and ___ is one of the last brain structures to mature.

answer

Infantile Have not Hippocampus

question

Emotions trigger ___ hormones that ___ memory formation by making more ___ available to fuel brain activity.

answer

Stress Influence Glucose

question

Stress hormones provoke the ____ to initiate a memory trace in the ___ and ___ and to boost activity in the brains memory forming areas

answer

Amygdala Frontal lobes Basal ganglia

question

Memories for surprising significant moments that are especially clear are called ___ memories. Like other memories these memories ____ err

answer

Flashbulb Can

question

Which of the the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory

answer

Remembering what you were doing on 9/11/2001 when the terrorists crashed into the World Trade Center

question

Erik Kandel and James Schwartz have found that when learning occurs in the sea slug aplysia the neurotransmitter ___ is released in greater amounts making synapses more efficient.

answer

Serotonin

question

After LPT has occurred an electric current passed through the brain ____ disrupt old memories and ____ wipe out recent experiences

answer

Will not Will

question

To enhance memory one approach focuses on drugs that boost the LPT enhancing neurotransmitter ____. Another approach involves developing drugs that boost production of ___, a protein that also enhances the LPT process

answer

Glutamate CREB

question

The best retrieval cues come from the associations formed at the time we ___ a memory

answer

Encode

question

The process by which associations can lead to retrieval is called ____. Cues that are ___ to an event are most effective in triggering our memories of the event. This is the ____ principle.

answer

Priming Specific Encoding specificity

question

Studies have shown that retention is best when learning and testing are done in _____ contexts.

answer

The same

question

What we learned in one condition is best remembered in that condition, called ___ memory. For example we tend to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state, which is called ____ memory.

answer

State dependent Mode congruent

question

People who are currently depressed may recall their parents as ____. People who have recovered from depression typically recall their parents about the same as do people who ____.

answer

Rejecting, punitive and guilt promoting Have never suffered from depression

question

After learning has occurred a sending neuron needs ___ prompting to release its neurotransmitters, and the number of _____ it stimulates may increase. This phenomenon called ____ may be the neural basis for leaning and remembering associations. Blocking this process with a specific ____ or by genetic engineering that causes the absence of an ___ interferes with learning. Rats given a drug that enhances ___ will learn a maze ____

answer

Less Receptor sites Long term potentiation Drug Enzyme LPT Faster

question

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list is called the _____.

answer

Serial positing effect

question

People briefly recall the last items in a list quickly and well called the ___ effect. Following a delay first items are remembered ___ than last items called the ___ effect.

answer

Recency Better Primacy

question

Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work Susan could not think of the positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of ____.

answer

Mood congruent memory

question

In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in 5th grade Martina mentally recited the name of other classmates who sat near her. Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating relates association is an example of ____

answer

Priming

question

Walking thru the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation tom experienced a flood of old memories. Toms experience showed the role of _____

answer

Context effects

question

Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs more of the neurotransmitter ___ is released into the synapses

answer

Serotonin

question

In a study on context clues people learned words well on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall those with the best retention had ___

answer

Learned the words and been tested on them in the same context

question

Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ___ of animals neurons.

answer

Synapses

question

The basal ganglia of the brain plays a critical role in the formation of ___.

answer

Procedural memory

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