question

During early childhood, the average child grows ______ inches per year.

answer

2½

question

Which of the following statements regarding brain development in early childhood is TRUE?

answer

Increases in brain development are due to increases in myelination and in the number and size of nerve endings.

question

Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye coordination is not complete until

answer

4 years of age.

question

In the area of fine motor skills, sometimes _____-year-old children have trouble building high towers with blocks because, in their desire to stack perfectly, they may upset those already stacked.

answer

4

question

What is one of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood, associated with failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables?

answer

iron deficiency anemia

question

Which stage of cognitive development occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present?

answer

symbolic function substage

question

In the United States, what is (are) the main cause(s) of death in children 1 through 4 years of age?

answer

motor vehicle accidents

question

__________ is the focusing of attention on one characteristic of an object or situation to the exclusion of all others.

answer

Centration

question

__________ is the awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.

answer

Zone of proximal development

question

__________ is Vygotsky's term suggesting that, over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student's performance level.

answer

Social construction

question

Both Vygotsky and Piaget suggested that

answer

teachers should be facilitators and guides rather than directors.

question

Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Significant improvements occur in short-term memory.

question

In what way is the theory of mind different with autistic children?

answer

Autistic children have difficulty developing theory of mind. Autistic children have difficulty understanding other's beliefs and emotions. Autistic children generally do poorly reasoning in false-belief tasks.

question

Jean Berko

answer

conducted a classic experiment demonstrating that children understand morphological rules.

question

Which of the following is NOT a component of a child-centered kindergarten?

answer

emphasis on what is learned

question

Children in developmentally appropriate classrooms are likely to

answer

be more motivated.

question

__________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills

answer

Project Head Start

question

Jean Piaget

answer

Preoperational thought moves from primitive to sophisticated use of symbols.

question

Barbel Inhelder

answer

Worked with Piaget to study young children's egocentrism by devising the three mountains task.

question

Rochel Gelman

answer

When a child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.

question

Lev Vygotsky

answer

When a child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.

question

Mary Rothbart and Maria Gartstein

answer

Described why advances in executive and sustained attention are so important in early childhood

question

Jean Berko

answer

Used fictional words to test children's understanding of language rules

question

Maria Montessori

answer

Revolutionized teaching by allowing children freedom and spontaneity

question

myelination

answer

process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system

question

preoperational stage

answer

Piagetian stage in which 2 to 7 year old children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, form stable concepts, and are dominated by egocentrism, and magical beliefs.

question

operations

answer

in Piaget's theory, internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically

question

symbolic function substage

answer

Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which a child can mentally represent an object that is not present

question

egocentrism

answer

the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's; a salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought

question

animism

answer

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

question

intuitive thought substage

answer

Piaget's second substage of preoperational thought; a child begins to reason primitively

question

centration

answer

the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

question

conservation

answer

in Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

question

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

answer

Vygotsky's term for tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with assistance

question

social constructivist approach

answer

approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the idea that knowledge is mutually built and constructed

question

executive attention

answer

involves action, planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

question

sustained attention

answer

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

question

short-term memory

answer

the memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal

question

strategies

answer

deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information

question

theory of mind

answer

the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others

question

child-centered kindergarten

answer

education that involves the whole child by considering the child's physical, cognitive, and social development

question

Montessori approach

answer

educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom in choosing activities

question

developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

answer

education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness)

question

Erikson's stage for children in early childhood is

answer

initiative versus guilt.

question

In early childhood, children tend to think of themselves in terms of a(n) __________ self.

answer

physical and active

question

Between 2 and 4 years of age, children are learning

answer

the cause and consequences of feelings.

question

__________ is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world.

answer

Heteronomous morality

question

__________ is a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

answer

Gender role

question

Which statement best describes the explanation given by the social cognitive theory of gender?

answer

Children learn expected gender behaviors through rewards and punishments, as well as through observation and imitation of models.

question

__________ parenting involves encouraging children to be independent, placing limits and controls on their actions while allowing verbal exchange.

answer

Authoritative

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason why corporal punishment should be avoided?

answer

Punishment shows controlled behavior.

question

Regarding child maltreatment, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

About one-third of parents who were abused themselves as children abuse their own children.

question

According to Judy Dunn, which of the following does NOT describe a characteristic of sibling relationships?

answer

physical quality of the relationship

question

Which of the following is NOT a recommended guideline for communicating with children about divorce?

answer

explain what part of the separation was the child's fault

question

Regarding cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in families, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

African American and Latino children interact with extended family more than White American children do.

question

Regarding the importance of peers in normal social development, which of the following statements is FALSE?

answer

Peers do not provide much feedback about a child's abilities.

question

Which of the following statements about play is TRUE?

answer

Play is an important context for cognitive development.

question

__________ play involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned.

answer

Practice

question

The highest incidence of game playing occurs

answer

between ages 10 and 12.

question

Regarding children and television, the following statement is TRUE.

answer

Television violence can induce aggression in children.

question

In which of the following countries do children watch the most television?

answer

United States

question

self-understanding

answer

the child's cognitive representation of self, and the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions

question

moral development

answer

development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

question

heteronomous morality

answer

The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

question

autonomous morality

answer

The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of age or older). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

question

immanent justice

answer

the concept that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

question

conscience

answer

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior

question

gender identity

answer

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by age 3 years

question

gender role

answer

a set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel, respectively

question

gender typing

answer

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

question

social role theory

answer

a theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

question

psychoanalytic theory of gender

answer

according to Freud, children identify with the same-sex parent and unconsciously adopt that parent's characteristics

question

social cognitive theory of gender

answer

a theory that emphasizes that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishment for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

question

gender schema theory

answer

the theory that an individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes

question

authoritarian parenting

answer

a restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange.

question

authoritative parenting

answer

a parenting style in which parents encourage independence but place limits and controls on child's behavior

question

neglectful parenting

answer

a style of parenting in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control

question

indulgent parenting

answer

a style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them

question

sensorimotor play

answer

behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

question

practice play

answer

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

question

pretense/symbolic play

answer

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

question

social play

answer

play that involves social interaction with peers

question

constructive play

answer

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activities with symbolic representation of ideas

question

games

answer

activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often competition with one or more individuals

question

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year.

answer

2 to 3

question

Which of the following statements regarding body growth and proportion in the elementary school years is TRUE?

answer

Boys are usually stronger than girls

question

Cortical thickening in 5-11 year olds in the ___________ may reflect improvements in language abilities, such as reading.

answer

temporal and frontal lobe areas

question

Which of the following statements regarding motor development in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

answer

Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated.

question

At what age do children begin to show motor manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults?

answer

10 to 12 years

question

Regarding exercise and sports in middle and late childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Exercise plays an important role in children's growth.

question

The most common cause of death in middle and late childhood is

answer

motor vehicle accidents.

question

The most common type of childhood cancer is

answer

leukemia.

question

Approximately ___ percent of children with a learning disability have a reading problem.

answer

80

question

Which of the following is an example of referral bias?

answer

Boys are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment.

question

__________ is a learning disability in which individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

answer

Dyslexia

question

A recent study revealed that the peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurred _____ years later in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

answer

3

question

The individualized education plan (IEP)

answer

is a written statement describing a specific program for a student with a disability.

question

Piaget characterized the thought of children from 7 to 11 years of age as

answer

concrete operational.

question

The activity of placing different items, such as sticks in order of length would be

answer

seriation

question

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory that is supported by recent research?

answer

Piaget's theory was not divided into clear-cut stages.

question

__________ involves thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating evidence.

answer

Critical thinking

question

Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 yields a(n)

answer

intelligence quotient.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind?

answer

conservational

question

The majority of people with intellectual disabilities experience _________ retardation.

answer

mild

question

Gifted children are typically

answer

precocious.

question

Which educational approach involves teaching children in their native language while gradually teaching English?

answer

bilingual education

question

Which is the CORRECT statement about self-esteem?

answer

Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative.

question

Erikson's stage describing socioemotional development for people in middle and late childhood is called

answer

industry versus inferiority.

question

Which of the following is an important developmental change in emotions during the elementary school years?

answer

self-efficacy.

question

Which of the following is recommended for parents, teachers, and other care-givers of children who are coping with a stressful event?

answer

Reassure children of their safety and security.

question

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development involves a personal moral code?

answer

postconventional

question

According to Kohlberg, in the __________ stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment.

answer

heteronomous morality

question

Carol Gilligan's central criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that

answer

the theory reflects a gender bias.

question

The moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes communication, relationships with, and concern for others is called

answer

the care perspective.

question

Which type of aggression comprises a greater percentage of girls' overall aggression?

answer

relational

question

According to your textbook, which of these statements regarding gender roles is TRUE?

answer

Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent, flexible and mentally healthy.

question

When examining children's peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

answer

controversial

question

John Coie found that ____________ children have fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships with peers

answer

rejected

question

Jacob finds his relationship with Akira exciting and amusing. Which function of friendship does their relationship fulfill?

answer

stimulation

question

Schools in low-income neighborhoods face all of the following problems, EXCEPT:

answer

more experienced teachers who have become bored

question

To improve relations between ethnically diverse students, Eliot Aronson suggested

answer

turning the class into a jigsaw classroom.

question

Research by Harold Stevenson and his colleagues found that Asian students consistently outperformed American students in math because

answer

American teachers spent less time teaching math than Asian teachers did

LifeSpan and Development Test 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards