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Learning

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A systemic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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Behaviorism

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a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, Discounts the importance of thinking, wishing, hoping. Learning is general stable, set of rules that guide behavior

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Behaviorism

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a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, Discounts the importance of thinking, wishing, hoping. Learning is general stable, set of rules that guide behavior

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Observable Learning

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Relies on mental processes, Intimidation/modeling

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Classical Conditioning

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A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and a response is elicited. Ivan Pavlovs Dogs, Learns the association between two stimuli, and learns to anticipate events

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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Stimulus that produces a response without prior learning (food)

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Conditioned Response (UR)

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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the US- involuntary (drooling)

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (the bell)

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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Learned response to conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US pairing (salivating)

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Contiguity

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The CS and US are presented very close together

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Contingency

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The CS must precede the US closely and must be reliable

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Sign Tracking

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Rats and light/drug addiction

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Generalization

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New stimulus similar to original CS gets similar response

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Discrimination

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Process of leaning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

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Extinction

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Weakening of the CR when the US is absent

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Spontaneous Recovery

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CR can recur after a time delay- Ex-girlfriend/boyfriend

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Renewal

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Drug addicts returning to previous living situation

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Survival Value

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Fars- Watson and Rayner baby, fear of the dentist, fear of driving, fear of dogs

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Counterconditioning

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Changing the relationship between a CS and CR, therapist use it to break apart the association between stimuli and positive feedback (overeating)

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Aversive Conditioning

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Repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus, Nausea inducing/ tast aversion/ elastic band

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Advertising

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Creating an association between a product and pleasant feelings, beautiful women/ men selling a product. Embedded marketing- favorite character drinking a coke

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Drug Habituation

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decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Mind altering drug (US), body becomes conditioned to the drug, associates other things with anticipated of the drug- location/time/people, overdoses

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Operant Conditioning

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Associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. Learns the association between a behavior and a consequence, Rewards increase behavior, punishment decreases the behavior. BF Skinner- consequences of spontaneous act influences whether behavior will happen again- Skinner box rat presses lever for a reward. EL Thorndike- consequences determine voluntary behavior- cat in the box accidently trips the mechanism to get the food

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Reinforcement

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The process by which a stimulus or event (reinforce) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

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Positive Reinforcement

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The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus. Someone smiles at you after you say "hi, how are you?"

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Negative Reinforcement

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The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

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Avoidance Learning

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Occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided

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Primary Reinforcer

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Innately satisfying- no learning is needed. Food, water, sex

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Secondary Reinforcer

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Acquires positive value trough an organism's experience- learned or conditioned. A on a test, paycheck

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Generalization

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Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. Pigeons pecking at a colored disc

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Discrimination

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Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be forced. University student discount, stimuli in the environment serve as clues/ informing the organism if a particular, reinforcement contingency is in effect

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Extinction

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Behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency

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Continuous Reinforcement

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The behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. Learn rapidly, extinction happens quickly

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Partial Reinforcement

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Reinforce follows a behavior only a portion of the time. Most of life experiences

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Schedules of reinforcement

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Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

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Reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors-> candy for practicing piano for 5 days

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Variable- Ratio Schedule

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Timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis. Produce high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules

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Fixed- Interval Schedule

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Reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. Rate of behavior increases rapidly as the time approaches when the behavior is likely to be reinforced

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Variable- Interval Schedule

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Behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. Pop Quizzes, Random drug test. Behavior is slow and consistent

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Punishment

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A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Used when goal is to decrease behaviors

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Positive Punishment

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A behavior decreases when it followed by the presentation of a stimulus. Spanking/ Scolding

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Negative Punishment

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A behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed. Time-out/ grounding

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Immediate Timing

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Learning is more efficient, punishment is more effective at decreasing behavior

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Delayed Timing

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Smoking, drinking, and eating. Sometimes we delay a larger punishment and take a smaller more immediate one -dentist

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ABA

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The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior, rewards and punishments are carefully analyzed nd manipulated to change behaviors, seeks to identify the rewards that might be maintaining unwanted behaviors and to enhance the rewards of more appropriate behaviors

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Albert Bandura

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Imitation or modeling- wanted to see if fears were learned- exposure therapy. Bobo doll study. Four Processes- Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

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E.C. Tolman

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Purposiveness- behavior is goal directed at rats in the box

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Latent Learning

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Information is stored in their memories but yet expressed behaviorally

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Insight Learning

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Wolfgang Kohler- problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution- Think "outside the box"

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Associative Learning

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Organism makes a connection (association) between two events

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Associative Learning

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Organism makes a connection (association) between two events. Conditioning- the process of learning these associations, Classical and Operant

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Behaviorism

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a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, Discounts the importance of thinking, wishing, hoping. Learning is general stable, set of rules that guide behavior

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Encoding

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Transformation of information into a form that can be stored

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Storage

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Maintaining information in memory

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Retreival

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Bringing stored material to mind

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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Repeating over and over again (phone numbers, facts)

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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Relating information to what you already know to what you already know deeply

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Source Memory

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A recollection of the circumstances in which a memory was formed

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Flashbulb Memories

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Memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events include information about the source from which the information was acquired reconstructive in nature

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Autobiographical Memories

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Recollections that include an account of the events of person's own life reconstructive in nature and include factual, emotional, and interpretive information

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Encoding Failure

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Information was never stored in memory. EX: Failing to remember details of everyday objective such as coins

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Decay

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Unused information fades over time. EX: Information in sensory memory disappears if not moved on to short- term memory

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Interference

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One piece of information displaces another. EX: a person recalls her old phone number when she intends to recall her new one

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Consolidation Failure

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Disruption of consolidation prevents information from being stored in long- term memory. EX: a blow to the head causes a person to forget everything that happened in the minutes immediately preceding the blow

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Motivated Forgetting

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Loss of information that is emotionally unpleasant. EX: a soldier forgets about witnessing the combat- related death of his best friend

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Prospective Forgetting

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Forgetting to carry out an intended action. EX: A student forgets to transfer his laundry from the washer to the dryer until he discovers the washer full of wet clothes the next day

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Retrieval Failure

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Forgetting something you are sure that you know. EX: remembering the answer to a test question after you turn in the exam

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Nature

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Biological Inheritances and genes

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Nurture

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Environment and social sciences

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Resilience

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A persons ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

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Prenatal Development

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Teratogen, Preterm infants, poverty/poor nutrition and health care

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Teratogen

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An agent that causes a birth defect. Nicotine, Alcohol, illegal/legal drugs, STDs, and stress-cortisol

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Newborn Development

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Brain Development -Neurons and synaptic connections increases dramatically Reflexes-coughing, blinking, yawning(some disappear)

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Cognitive Development

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Schemas- assimilate, accommodation. 4 Stages: 1)birth to 2 years of age-sensorimotor stage (sensation and motor skills). 2) 2-7 years of age- preoperational stage (symbols, gestures). 3) 7-11 years of age- Concrete Operational Stage (more stable, operational thinking). 4) 11 years of age- Formal Operational Stage (systemic and reasonable, critical thinking)

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Schemas

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A mental concept or framework that organizes information

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Assimilate

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Incorporate new information into existing knowledge

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Accommodation

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Adjust schema to new information

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Temperament

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socioemotional development. Individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

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Eriksons Theory of Development

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1)Trust vs mistrust-Infant 2)autonomy vs shame & doubt- Toddler 3)initiate vs guilt- Pre-schooler 4)industry vs inferiority- school age 5)identity vs role confusion- adolescent 6) intimacy vs isolation- young adult 7) generativity vs stagnalion- middle age 8) ego-integrity vs despair- older adult

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Authoritarian Parenting

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Drill sergeant, children cant get away with anything. children lack social skills and poor initiative

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Authoritative Parenting

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encourages child, still places limits. warm and nurturing

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Neglectful Parenting

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level of parental involvement, children be less socially competent, poor self-control

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Permissive Parenting

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Places few limits on child behavior. Often fail to learn respect, poor social competence

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Kohlberg's Stages of Development

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1)LEVEL 1- PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL-moral reasoning is governed by the physical consequences of behavior. Stage 1:behavior that avoids punishment is right. Stage 2: self-interest 2)LEVEL 2- CONVENTIONAL LEVEL: child internalizes standards of others. stage 3: children act to please others. stage 4: orientation toward authority. 3)LEVEL 3- post conventional level: moral conduct-internal control. stage 5:morality of contact. stage 6: sense of morality

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Punishment

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In operant conditioning, what is a consequence that decreases the likelihood for a behavior occurring?

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Authoritative Parenting

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Maize's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of give in take. What stage of parenting would she be categorized?

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Positive Reinforcement

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Caleb the owner of a small garage is particular of paying their employees more than he asked for; prevents leaving. what kind of reinforcement is he using?

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Industry vs Inferiority

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sami is in the 3rd grade and won the spelling bee. he felt incompetent when he could not finish his assignment on time. which of the following of Erikson's stages does he fall under

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She searched for it

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Little frankie takes sister's rattle and ides under blanket. objective permanence (piaget)

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successful happy relationships

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according to the Harvard study of happiness, what is the most important indicator to happiness?

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Observational conditioning

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Happens when watching and imitating

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relatively observable changes of behavior

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How do psychologist who are studying behavior view learning

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puberty

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period of skeletal growth and sexual manustration is called?

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unconditioned response

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Pavlov: classical conditioning prior to association to the bell

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wakes up before alarm

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which of the following scenarios best exemplify negative reinforcement in operant conditions

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encoding

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first step in memory

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trust vs mistrust

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stage of eriksons theory- infant wants to get needs met

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