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Why is First Aid Important?

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It is better to know it and not need it than to need it and not know it. Most people will find themselve in a situation where this info is helpful or necessary. First Aiders do not diagnose, but they can suspect what the problem is and then give first aid.

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Who needs First Aid?

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Everyone should be prepared to deal with an emergency

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Neglected Epidemic

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Injuries - both intentional and unintentional - constitute a major threat to public health

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Value to Self

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Enables a person to give proper immediate care to one's own injuries and sudden illnesses

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Value to Others

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Able to give proper assistance to injured family members or others

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Value in Remote Areas

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Should a injury or sudden illness require medical care, time, distance, and availability are major considerations.

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What is First Aid?

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The immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person. First Aid does not take the place of proper medical care. It consists only of giving temporary help until proper medical care, if needed, is obtained.

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First Aid Supplies

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The supplies in a first aid kit should be customized to include those items likely to be used on a regular basis. A kit for home is often different the one for the workplace. Can include: sterile gauze pads, bandages, waterproof paint, skin wipes, antibiotic ointment, gloves, mouth-to-barrier device, cold packs, plastic bags, splint, emergency blanket, scissors, tweezers, hand sanitizer, mini flashlight, and a first aid guide.

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First Aid and the Law

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Legal and Ethical issues concern all first aiders. A first aider can be sued.

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Concent

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A first aider must have the victim's permission before giving first aid.

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Expressed Consent

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The victim may give permission verbally or with a nod of the head

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Implied Consent

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Involves an unresponsive victim with a life-threatening condition. It is assumed that an unresponsive victim would consent to live saving interventions.

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Children and Mentally Incompetent Adults

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Consent must be obtained from the parent or guardian of a child victim, as legally defined by the state. The same is true for an adult who is mentally incompetent.

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Refusing Help

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Usually, the wisest decision is to inform the victim of his or her medical condition, what you propose to do, and why the help is necessary. After that there is little else you can do, call 9-1-1 and await arrival.

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Abandoment

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Means leaving a victim after starting to give help without first ensuring that the victim will receive continued care at the same level or higher.

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Negligence

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Means not following the accepted standards of care, resulting in further injury to the victim.

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Duty to Act

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No one is required to give first aid unless a legal duty to act exists.

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Breach of Duty

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Happens when a first aider fails to provide the type of care that would be given by a person having the same or similar training.

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Act of Omission

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Is the failure to do what a reasonably prudent person with the same or similar training would do in the same or similar circumstances.

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Act of Commission

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Is doing something that a reasonably prudent person would not do under the same or similar circumstances.

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Battery

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Touching a person or providing first aid without consent.

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Confidentiality

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First aiders must learn confidential information. It is important that you be extremely cautious about who you reveal that information to.

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Good Samaritan Laws

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Encourage people to assist others in distress by granting them immunity against lawsuits.

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Injury Prevention

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It is easier to prevent an injury or illness than it is to treat one.

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The 3 E's

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Effective prevention requires a combination of interventions. Education: easiest to implement, attempts to change behavior by informing a target group about potential hazards, explaining risks and persuading people to adopt safer behavior. Enforcement: tries to reduce dangerous behaviors through enforcing laws and regulations. Engineering: makes changes to the environment or product design to protect everyone automatically.

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Haddon Matrix

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A strategy for identifying interventions that can be applied to any type of illness or injury.

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Haddon Matrix: Pre-Event Phase Interventions

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Attempt to stop or hinder an event from happening

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Haddon Matrix: Event Phase

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Attempts to modify the consequences of such events either to prevent or to reduce the severity of an injury

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Haddon Matrix: Post-Event

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Focuses on returning the victim to the fullest of functioning in society after an injury or illness.

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Emergencies

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Have distinctive characteristics. They are: Dangerous, Unusual and rare events, Different from one another, Unforeseen, and Urgent.

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Bystander Actions

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1. Recognize the emergency 2. Decide to help 3. Calling 9-1-1 if EMS is needed 4. Checking the victim 5. Giving first aid

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Lack of Knowledge and Helping Behavior

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That implication is that bystanders who are uncertain of their ability to deal with a serious injured victim are more likely to assume that the victim is not seriously injured.

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Confusion About What is an Emergency

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Sometimes, people have a greta deal of difficulty deciding when an emergency exists. This can lead to delays in calling 9-1-1 and to inappropriate decisions.

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Recognize The Emergency

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To help in an emergency, a bystander first has to notice that something is wrong. Noticing that something is wrong is related to four factors: Severity, Physical distance, Relationship, and Time exposed.

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Deciding to Help

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Deciding to help is an attitude about emergencies and about one's ability to deal with emergencies.

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Deciding Not to Help

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A bystander could always find excuses for not helping in emergency situations.

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Call 9-1-1 if EMS is Needed

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Wrong decisions about calling 9-1-1 can be made. Fortunately, most injuries and sudden illnesses do not require medical care - only first aid.

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Check the Victim

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You must decide whether life-threatening conditions exist and what kind of help a victim needs.

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Give First Aid

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Often the most critical life support measures are effective only if started immediately by the nearest available person.

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Seeking Medical Care

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Knowing when to call 9-1-1 for help from EMS is important. To know when to call, you must be able to tell the difference between a minor injury or illness and a life-threatening one. When a serious situation occurs, call 9-1-1 FIRST.

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How to EMS

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Call 9-1-1. When you call 9-1-1, speak clearly and slowly. Be ready to give the dispatcher the victim's location, the phone number you are calling from and your name, what happened, number of people needing help and any special conditions, and the victim's condition.

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Rescuer Reactions

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The sight of blood and the cries of victims can be upsetting to people attempting to rescue and help an injured person. It is essential for first aiders to stay alert and working at an injury scene.

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Postcare Reactions

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After giving first aid for severe injuries, a person might feel an emotional letdown, which is frequently overlooked.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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A stressful event can be psychologically overwhelming. Its symptoms include depression and flashbacks of the event.

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Scene Size-Up

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If you are at the scene of an emergency situation, do a 10-second scene size up looking for three things: 1. Hazards that can be dangerous 2. The cause of the injury or illness 3. The number of victims

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Disease Precautions

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First Aiders must understand the risks from infectious diseases, which can range in severity from mild to life threatening.

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Infectious Disease

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Is a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.

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Communicable Disease

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Is a disease that can spread from one person to another. Immunizations, protective techniques, and hand washing can minimize the risk of infection.

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Standard Precautions

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The Center for Disease Control (CDC) developed these which advise you to assume that all victims are infected and can spread an organism that poses a risk for transmission of infectious diseases.

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Handwashing

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One of the simplest, yet most effective ways to control disease transmission.

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Handwashing Proper Procedure

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1. Use soap and warm water 2. Rub your hands together for 15 to 20 seconds to work up lather. Wash all surfaces well, including wrists, palms, backs of hands, and fingers. 3. Rinse the soap from your hands 4. Dry your hands completely with a clean towel if possible

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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includes exam gloves, mouth-to-barrier devices, eye protection, and gowns. PPE provides a barrier between the first aider and the infectious disease.

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Exam Gloves

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Are the most common type of PPE and should always be worn when there is any possibility of exposure to blood or bodily fluids.

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How To Remove Gloves

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1. Partially remove the first glove by pinching at the wrist. Be careful to touch only the outside of the glove. 2. Remove the second glove by pinching the exterior with the partially gloved hand. 3. Pull the second glove inside-out toward the fingertips 4. Grasp both gloves with your free hand, touching only the clean, interior surfaces.

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Mouth-to-barrier Devices

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Recommended although there are no documented cases of disease transmission to rescuers as a result of performing unprotected mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on a victim.

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Cleaning Up After an Emergency

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1. Wear heavier gloves than lightweight latex or vinyl 2. If you have been trained in the correct procedure, use absorbent barriers to soak up blood or other infectious materials. 3. Clean the spill area using soap and water. Then disinfect. 4. Discard the contaminated materials

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Blood-borne Diseases

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Carried by an infected person's blood.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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Is the virus that can cause AIDS. Can be transmitted by direct contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions.

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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

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is also spread by direct contact with blood.

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

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Spread by blood. Can cause liver disease or cancer

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Airborne Diseases

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Are transmitted through the air by coughing or sneezing

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Tuberculosis

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A chronic bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

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Is a potentially life-threatening viral infection.

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The Dying Victim

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A dying person presents a difficult situation. To assist such a victim: avoid negative statements about the victim's condition, assure the victim you will locate and inform his or her family of what has happened, allow some hope, do not give information about the victim to others, use a gentle tone of voice, use a reassuring touch, and let the person know that everything that can be done to help will be done.

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Stages of Grieving

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People who lose a loved one go through a grieving process

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Stage One: Denial

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The person cannot believe what has happened

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Stage Two: Anger

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First Aiders and bystanders could be targets of this anger. Do not take the anger or insults personally.

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Stage Three: Bargaining

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In the victim's mind, an agreement will postpone an unpleasant event

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Stage Four: Depression

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This stage is characterized y sadness and despair

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Stage Five: Acceptance

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Understands what has happened

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Dealing With Survivors

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Do not pronounce death; leave it to a physician, all survivors to grieve in whatever way seems right to them, provide information as it is requested, offer as much support and comfort as possible, use a gentle tone of voice, and use a reassuring touch.

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Abdomen

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The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

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Adam's Apple

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The protection of the anterior surface of the neck, formed by the thyroid cartilage over the larynx

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Alveoli

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The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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Aorta

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The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

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Arteries

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A blood vessel, consisting of three layers of tissue and smooth muscle, that carries blood away from the heart.

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Blood

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The fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide and various metabolic products for excretion.

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Bones

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The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes most of the skeleton in humans.

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Brachial Artery

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The artery of the arm that branches at the elbow into the radial and ulnar arteries.

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Brain

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The soft, large mass of nerve tissue that is contained in the cranium.

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Brain Stem

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The are of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations.

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Capillaries

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The small blood vessels through whose walls various substances pass into and out of the tissues and onto the cells

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Carotid Artery

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The major arteries that supply blood to the head and brain.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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The brain and the spinal cord

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Cerebellum

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One of the three major subdivisions of the brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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A clear, watery solution similar to blood plasma

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Cerebrum

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The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.

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Clavicale

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The collarbone

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Cranium

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The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. Contains the brain.

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Dermis

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The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

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Diaphragm

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A muscular dome that forms under-surface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity.

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Dorsalis Pedis Artery

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The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and the second metatarsals

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Epidermis

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The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water-tight protective covering for the body.

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Esophagus

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A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.

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Femoral Artery

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The principal artery of the thigh.

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Femur

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The thighbone

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Floating Ribs

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The 11th and 12th ribs

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Heart

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A hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and propels it into the arteries.

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Humerous

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The supporting bone of the upper arm

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Joint

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The place where two bones come into contact

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Larynx

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The voice box.

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Ligament

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A band o the fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones

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Nervous System

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The system that controls virtually all activities of the body

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Patella

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The kneecap bone

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Perfusion

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The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current needs

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Plasma

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A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

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Platelets

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Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot

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Posterior Tibial Artery

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The artery just posterior to the medial malleolous

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Pulse

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The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries

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Radial Artery

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The major artery in the forearm

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Radius

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The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

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Red Blood Cells (RBC)

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Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues

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Respiratory System

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All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing

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Skeletal Muscle

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Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint

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Skeleton

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The framework that gives us our recognizable form

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Smooth Muscle

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Non-striated, involuntary muscle

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Spinal Cord

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An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying message between the brain and the rest of the body

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Tibia

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The shinbone

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Trachea

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The windpipe

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Ulna

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The inner bone of the forearm

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Vein

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Any blood vessel that carries blood from the tissues to the heart

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Voluntary Muscle

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Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will

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White Blood Cells

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Blood cells that play a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection

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Xiphoid Process

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The lowest part of the sternum

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