Child Development chap. 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
theoriesior
answer
explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles
question
psychodynamic perspective
answer
the approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control
question
psychoanalytic theory
answer
the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior.
question
psychosexual development
answer
according to freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part.
question
psychosocial development
answer
the approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society.
question
id, ego, and superego:
answer
id=pleasure principle ego=reality principle superego=conscience
question
fixation
answer
behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development
question
behavioral perspective (watson, skinner)
answer
the approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment.
question
classical conditioning
answer
a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response John B. Watson
question
operant conditioning
answer
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its association with positive or negative consequences (reinforcement, punishment, extinguished)
question
behavioral modification
answer
a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
question
social-cognitive learning theory
answer
an approach to study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.
question
cognitive perspective
answer
the approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.
question
schemes
answer
organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
question
adaptation
answer
the way in which children respond and adjust to new information.
question
Assimilation
answer
the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.
question
Accomidation
answer
refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
question
Information-processing approaches
answer
approaches to the study of cognitive development that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.
question
cognitive neuroscience approaches
answer
approaches to the study of cognitive development that focuses on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity.
question
contextual perspective
answer
the perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds
question
bioecological apprpach
answer
the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism. -mictrosystem: the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives -mesosystem: provides connections among the various aspects of the microsystem. -exosystem: represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media. -macrosystem: represents the larger cultural influences on an individual. -chronosystem: underlies each of the previous systems, involves the way the passage of time effects children's development.
question
Sociocultural theory
answer
an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. (Vygotsksy)
question
Evolutionary perspective
answer
the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
question
ethology
answer
examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior.
question
The five major theoretical perspective that guide the study of child development are: the psychodynamic, the _____, the cognitive, the contextual and the evolutionary perspectives.
answer
behavioral
question
According to Piaget, human thought is arranged in organized mental patterns, called _____, that represent behaviors and actions.
answer
schemes
question
The _____ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance.
answer
evolutionary
question
Erikson's _____ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view and emphasizes social interaction with other people.
answer
psychosocial development.
question
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of_____ between members of a culture.
answer
social interactions
question
correlational research
answer
research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
question
experimental research
answer
research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors.
question
correlation coefficient
answer
the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a mathematical score. ranges from +1.0 to -1.0. -positive correlation indicates that , as the value of one factor increases, it can be predicted that the value of the other will also increase. -negative value: the value of one factor increases, the value of the other factor declines.
question
naturalistic observation
answer
studies in which researchers observe some naturally occurring behavior without intervening or making changes in the situation
question
Psychophysiological methods
answer
a research approach that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior. -Electroencephalogram (EEG): the EEG records electrical activity within the brain, recorded by electrode placed on the outside of the skill. (epilepsy and learning disabilities) -CAT scan: computer constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual X-rays taken at slightly different angles. -fMRI provides detailed three-dimensional , computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain.
question
independent variable
answer
the variable that researchers manipulate in the experiment
question
dependent variable
answer
the variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.
question
theoretical research
answer
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
question
applied research
answer
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
question
longitudinal research
answer
research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age
question
cross sectional research
answer
research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time.
question
sequential studies
answer
studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time
