question

Creativity involves __________.

answer

coming up with new ways of looking at a problem

question

__________ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered.

answer

concepts Concepts are mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people. We are able to comprehend vast amounts of information with concepts by creating a mental representation that categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli.

question

Creative intelligence is related to __________.

answer

divergent thinking

question

Mental imagery is __________.

answer

used by all people everyday

question

Algorithms __________.

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will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that a person can follow to arrive at a solution to a particular problem.

question

Heuristics could also be called __________.

answer

"rule of thumb"

question

The term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is

answer

cognition

question

The representative heuristic can be used to create and sustain __________.

answer

stereotypes

question

Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires __________.

answer

divergent thinking

question

A person's schema for a library would most likely include __________.

answer

books and bookshelves

question

The __________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory.

answer

availability heuristic

question

An educated guess based on prior experience is a(n) __________.

answer

heuristic A heuristic is an informal rule that makes the decision-making process quick and simple.

question

One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past, also known as __________.

answer

mental set We all approach problems with a mental set, or a preexisting state of mind that we use to solve problems because it's helped us solve similar problems in the past. A mental set is especially helpful for simple, everyday tasks. However, our mental sets can sometimes interfere with problem solving.

question

Functional fixedness is __________.

answer

a barrier to successful problem solving Functional fixedness is a bias that limits a person's ability to think in unconventional ways. In the two strings problem, not considering an unconventional use of the pliers (tying them to the end of one of the strings to use them as a weight) keeps you from solving the problem. By seeing the pliers only as pliers, you are experiencing functional fixedness.

question

When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called __________.

answer

insight

question

The best representative of a natural concept is __________.

answer

a home A natural concept is one formed as a result of experience. You most likely have experience with something you define as a home. By contrast, a square, a conditioned stimuli, and REM sleep are all things that are defined by specific rules, and would be labeled formal concepts.

question

A prototype is an example of __________.

answer

a concept

question

Erik dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. This is an example of __________.

answer

functional fixedness

question

Which of the following images is the most subordinate concept?

answer

magnolias Concepts can be ranked from general to specific by applying the terms superordinate, basic level type, and subordinate. In this example, trees might be the superordinate concept, flowering trees could be the basic level type, and magnolias the subordinate concept.

question

A heuristic in which the differences between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference is known as the __________.

answer

means-end analysis

question

__________ matters in the formation of prototypes.

answer

culture We usually form our concepts by creating a mental image or a typical example that exhibits all of the features associated with a certain category. This mental image or example is called a prototype. We more readily identify a thing as an example of the concept if the thing closely resembles the prototype.

question

Cultures like that of the Japanese, which hold to well-established cultural traditions, put less value on __________.

answer

divergent thinking involves starting from one point and coming up with many possibilities or ideas based on that point.

question

If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be __________.

answer

a picture-like image

question

Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe her boyfriend and his friends who say the women are just old neighborhood friends. This is an example of __________.

answer

confirmation bias When we already believe that something is true, we tend to look for evidence that proves our beliefs, and we tend not to notice evidence that disproves those beliefs. This phenomenon is known as confirmation bias—although we may think we're being objective, we're actually trying to confirm our previously held opinions.

question

According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is __________.

answer

an innate human ability to understand and produce language

question

Piaget theorized that preceded and aided the development of __________.

answer

concepts; language Piaget determined that children's thinking develops through a succession of four stages. And within these four stages of cognitive development, children developed language skills. In the first stage, the sensorimotor stage, the emphasis is on movement and physical responses.

question

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is __________.

answer

syntax

question

Whorf used the now-famous example of the Inuits' many words for snow to support the __________.

answer

linguistic relativity hypothesis Linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf proposed that the language we speak influences our conception of reality. Their ideas became known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis. For example, English and other European languages have an egocentric frame of reference. In other words, space is represented with ourselves at the center.

question

Language allows people to __________ and __________.

answer

communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity

question

Researchers have found that animals __________ with one another.

answer

communicate

question

Three-year-old Jamal is learning how to wait his turn to talk during circle time in preschool. Jamal is learning the __________ of language.

answer

pragmatics Pragmatics deals with the practical aspects of communicating with others.

question

Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using __________.

answer

abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds

question

The cognitive universalism theory states that __________.

answer

concepts are universal and influence the development

question

Gunther, an exchange student visiting the United States from Germany, is struggling to use his English skills effectively. Instead of saying "I'd really like to go to the game today," he said "I'd really like to the game today to go." In which area of language has Gunther erred?

answer

syntax

question

Recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of__________, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

answer

a cognitive universalism

question

The smallest units of meaning in a language are known as __________.

answer

morphemes

question

__________ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung."

answer

piaget

question

The "dance" of the honeybees that tells the other bees the location of pollen is an example of __________.

answer

animal instinct

question

The debate over whether animals use real language centers around __________.

answer

the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human

question

Language is defined as __________.

answer

the system of symbols that enables us to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings

question

The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure?

answer

Pragmatics

question

Michael painted the picture and The picture was painted by Michael have the same semantic meaning but different __________.

answer

syntax

question

Phonemes are __________.

answer

the basic units of sound in a language

question

In a well known animal language research study Kanzi, the chimp __________.

answer

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes

question

Binet decided that a key element in testing intelligence was a child's __________.

answer

mental age In 1904, French scientist Alfred Binet was asked to develop a test that could help teachers identify students with special needs. Binet developed a test that determined a child's mental age, or ability typical of a child of the same chronological age. The test was a great success and was administered throughout Europe and the United States.

question

Standard deviation refers to __________.

answer

the average variation of scores from the mean

question

The most frequently used intelligence tests in the United States are __________.

answer

the wechsler tests Currently, there are three separate Wechsler (WAIS) tests: two administered to children (WPPSI-III and the WISC-IV) and one to adults (WAIS-III). The adult WAIS yields three separate scores: a verbal score (comprehension, vocabulary, information, similarities, arithmetic, and digit span); a performance score (object assembly, block design, picture arrangement, picture comprehension, and digit symbol); and an overall score, which reflects a combination of the verbal and performance scores.

question

What type of research has been used to determine how much influence heredity has over intelligence?

answer

twin studies

question

A person with an IQ of 145 may be categorized as __________.

answer

a genius

question

Erin had a high ability to solve problems as she encountered them. Spearman would call this __________.

answer

g factor The term g factor refers to the entire skill set of general intelligence that encompasses a range of abilities. Psychologist Charles Spearman identified general intelligence (or g) as a common factor that underlies certain mental abilities.

question

According to Sternberg, __________ is the ability to break problems down into component parts for problem solving.

answer

analytical intelligence

question

Intelligence is defined as __________.

answer

learning from one's experiences, acquiring knowledge, and using resources effectively

question

Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Using the mathematical formula developed for scoring, her IQ is __________.

answer

130 The formula states that IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100. When she took the test, Shelly's mental age was 13, and her chronological age was 10. 13/10 x 100 = 130.

question

Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are __________.

answer

different aspects of intelligence

question

IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about __________.

answer

15

question

Many items on a "culture fair" test require the use of __________.

answer

nonverbal abilities

question

Only differences among people in general can be investigated for the influence of genes because genes always interact with __________.

answer

environmental factors

question

Terman determined that gifted people __________.

answer

are more resistant to mental illness than those of average intelligence

question

A person with an intellectual disability will have limited __________, which allows people to do such things as work at a job, communicate with others, and groom themselves.

answer

adaptive behavior

question

If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks __________.

answer

validity Validity refers to how well the test measures what it's supposed to measure.

question

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) is generally given to __________.

answer

second graders

question

Intelligence testing began in France because French educators wanted __________.

answer

a way to identify students in need of more help with learning

question

__________ is the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively for solving problems.

answer

intelligence

question

The higher one's degree of practical intelligence, __________.

answer

the less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting

question

__________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them.

answer

fluid intelligence

question

Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in __________.

answer

visual/spatial intelligence

question

__________ are based on the normal curve distribution.

answer

deviation IQ scores

question

One criteria of standardization is that __________.

answer

the test is administered consistently

question

Lindsey has been assessed as having an intelligence quotient of 42. She can reach a 2nd grade level in her education and can live and work in sheltered environments with supervision. She would be best classified as suffering from __________ intellectual disability.

answer

moderate

question

Wechlser's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and __________.

answer

processing speed

question

In the brain, creating a mental image is _________ seeing an actual image.

answer

almost the opposite of

question

vygotsky believed that

answer

language could help a child learn to control social behavior.

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