Question 1

Which of the following are modes of learning?  A. Though association of stimuli B. Through observation C.Through discovery *D*. All of these are avenues of learning E. Through exploration

Accepted Answer

D. All of these are avenues of learning

Question 2

Which of the following is FALSE in regard to the concept of learning?  A. It can be attributed to experience B. It may cause a change in attitude C. It can cause a change in knowledge D. It can cause a change in behavior *E*. it can be attributed to maturation

Accepted Answer

E. it can be attributed to maturation

Question 3

Who came up with the concept of *classical conditioning* ?  A. Robert Rescorla B. B.F. Skinner *C*. IVAN PAVLOV

Accepted Answer

C. Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

An event or object that is followed by an *unlearned*, or innate, response is a ______.  *A*. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS B. unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

B. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Question 5

The _______ is a *naturally occurring* retain to a particular stimulus.  A. unconditioned stimulus *B*. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Accepted Answer

*B*. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 6

The _____ is a *learned* reaction to a particular object or event.  A. conditioned stimulus *B*. CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Accepted Answer

*B*. CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 7

The ______ is a previously neutral *object or event that causes* /elicits a *learned response*.  A. conditioned response  *B*. CONDITIONED STIMULUS

Accepted Answer

*B*. CONDITIONED STIMULUS

Question 8

The _____ eventually *becomes the conditioned stimulus* is in simple classical conditioning.  A. neutral response *B*. NEUTRAL STIMULUS

Accepted Answer

*B*. NEUTRAL STIMULUS

Question 9

The *unconditioned response eventually becomes* the _____ in simple classical conditioning.  *A*. CONDITIONED RESPONSE B. conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

*A*. CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 10

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Using classical conditioning, name the *UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS*.  A. Snow B. Pat C. Fear D. The road *E*. Car accident

Accepted Answer

E. Car accident

Question 11

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Using classical conditioning, name the *CONDITIONED STIMULUS*.  *A*. Snow B. Pat C. Fear D. The road E. Car accident

Accepted Answer

A. Snow

Question 12

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Using classical conditioning, name the *CONDITIONED RESPONSE*.  A. Snow B. Pat *C*. Fear D. The road E. Car accident

Accepted Answer

C. Fear

Question 13

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Using classical conditioning, name the *UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE*.  A. Snow B. Pat *C*. Fear D. The road E. Car accident

Accepted Answer

C. Fear

Question 14

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Using classical conditioning, name the *NEUTRAL STIMULUS*.  *A*. Snow B. Pat C. Fear D. The road E. Car accident

Accepted Answer

A. Snow

Question 15

Pat feels fear whenever she sees snow. Not too long ago, she got into a car accident on a snowy road. Identify the two components paired in the learning phase of this classical conditioning example.  *A*. The car accident and the snow B. Pat and the fear C. The snow and the fear D. The car accident and the fear E. Pat and the car accident

Accepted Answer

A. The car accident and the snow

Question 16

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the *NEUTRAL STIMULUS* .  A. Jason  *B*. The bank C. The robbery D. The robber E. Feeling scared

Accepted Answer

B. The bank

Question 17

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the *CONDITIONED RESPONSE* .  A. Jason  B. The bank C. The robbery D. Feeling mad at the robber *E*. Feeling scared

Accepted Answer

E. Feeling scared

Question 18

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the *UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS*.  A. Jason  B. The bank *C*. The robbery D. Feeling mad at the robber E. Feeling scared

Accepted Answer

C. The robbery

Question 19

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the *UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE*.  A. Jason  B. The bank C. The robbery D. Feeling mad at the robber *E*. Feeling scared

Accepted Answer

E. Feeling scared

Question 20

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the *CONDITIONED STIMULUS*.  A. Jason  *B*. The bank C. The robbery D. Feeling mad at the robber E. Feeling scared

Accepted Answer

B. The bank

Question 21

Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. In terms o classical conditioning, name the two components that were paired to form the learned association.   *A*. The bank and the robbery B. Jason and the bank C. Feeling scared and the robbery D. Jason and the robbery E. Feeling scared and the bank

Accepted Answer

A. The bank and the robbery

Question 22

Luke was listening to a particular song when he received word that his Grandmother died. Now whenever he hears that song, he feels sad. Using classical conditioning, identify the *CONDITIONED RESPONSE*  A. The death of his Grandmother *B*. Feeling sad C. the song D. Luke E. His grandmother

Accepted Answer

B. Feeling sad

Question 23

Luke was listening to a particular song when he received word that his Grandmother died. Now whenever he hears that song, he feels sad. Using classical conditioning, identify the *CONDITIONED STIMULUS*  A. The death of his Grandmother B. Feeling sad *C*. the song D. Luke E. His grandmother

Accepted Answer

C. the song

Question 24

Luke was listening to a particular song when he received word that his Grandmother died. Now whenever he hears that song, he feels sad. Using classical conditioning, identify the *NEUTRAL STIMULUS*  A. The death of his Grandmother B. Feeling sad *C*. the song D. Luke E. His grandmother

Accepted Answer

C. the song

Question 25

Luke was listening to a particular song when he received word that his Grandmother died. Now whenever he hears that song, he feels sad. Using classical conditioning, identify the *UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS*  *A*. The death of his Grandmother B. Feeling sad C. the song D. Luke E. His grandmother

Accepted Answer

A. The death of his Grandmother

Question 26

Luke was listening to a particular song when he received word that his grandmother died. Now whenever he hears that song, he feels sad. Identify the two components paired in the learning phase of this classical example.  A. the death of his grandmother and feeling sad B. Luke and the song C. Luke and his grandmother *D*. the death of his grandmother and the song E. feeling sad and the song

Accepted Answer

D. the death of his grandmother and the song

Question 27

Repeatedly *presenting* the *conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus* will eventually result in:  A. neutral delay B. reinforcement C. generalization D. classical conditioning *E*. EXTINCTION

Accepted Answer

*E*. EXTINCTION

Question 28

After extinction and a short period of time passes, ______ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _______ form.  A. generalization; stronger B. higher-order conditioning; stronger *C*. spontaneous recovery; weaker D. spontaneous recovery; stronger E. generalization; weaker

Accepted Answer

C. spontaneous recovery; weaker

Question 29

Abby taught her dog to bark every time the phone rings. She has since decided that *she no longer wants her dog to bark* upon hearing the phone. What procedure can Abby use to solve this problem?  A. Operant B. Spontaneous recovery *C*. Extinction D. Generalization E. Discrimination

Accepted Answer

C. Extinction

Question 30

Cleo taught his bird to chirp every time it heard the doorbell. Cleo then extinguished this learned behavior. *Two days later*, the doorbell rang and Cleo\'s *bird let out a short, soft chirp*. What does the soft, short chirp represent?  A. Conditioning *B*. Spontaneous recovery  C. Discrimination D. Preferential chirping E. Generalization

Accepted Answer

B. Spontaneous recovery

Question 31

When a conditioned response occurs after a stimulus *similar* to the conditioned stimulus, ______ has occurred   A. discrimination B. spontaneous recovery *C*. generalization D. reinforcement E. conditioning

Accepted Answer

C. generalization

Question 32

______ is teaching the person/animal to tell the *difference* between the original conditioned stimulus and all other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.  A. Reinforcement B. Generalization *C*. Discrimination D. Spontaneous recovery E. Operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

C. Discrimination

Question 33

Hughy, a yellow lab, was conditioned to howl when he saw a white car. Not only does he howl upon seeing a white car now, but *he also howls upon seeing a white truck or SUV*. His owner wants him to ONLY howl to white cars. Which of the following techniques is the BEST choice for the owner use?  *A*. Discrimination B. Extinction C. Generalization D. Spontaneous recovery E. Preferential learning

Accepted Answer

A. Discrimination

Question 34

Hughy, a yellow lab, was conditioned to howl when he saw a white car. Now when he sees a white car, silver car, or cream colored car, he howls. *Howling to multiple vehicles* can be best described as:  A. discrimination B. operant conditioning C. Spontaneous recovery *D*. Generalization E. Extinction

Accepted Answer

D. Generalization

Question 35

What was learned in regard to the case of Little Albert?  *A*. *Fear can be learned using classical conditioning. Fear, via classical conditioning, can be generalized* B. Fear, via classical conditioning, can be generalized  C. All of these are correct D. Psychologist and researchers should use humans in cases such as Little Albert;s in order to get the purest result E. Fear can be learned using classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

A. Fear can be learned using classical conditioning. Fear, via classical conditioning, can be generalized

Question 36

Kenyatte developed the flu on Tuesday night, which included intense stomach craps and vomiting. She did not know at that point she had the flue and attributed the stomach cramps vomiting to the cheeseburger she ate Tuesday evening. *Now, Kenyatte avoids cheeseburger all together*, Kenyatte has developed:  A. insight B. operant conditioning C. learn helplessness *D*. taste aversion E. biofeedback

Accepted Answer

D. taste aversion

Question 37

Who came up with the *LAW of effect* ?  *A*. *Edward Thorndlike* B. Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

A. Edward Thorndlike

Question 38

The notion that *behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated* is implied in __________. A. modeling B. shaping *C*. THE LAW EFFECT

Accepted Answer

C. the law of effect

Question 39

_____ has occurred when a conditioned response occurs after a stimulus *similar* to the conditioned stimulus; ________ is teaching the person or animal to tell the *difference* between the two stimuli.   *A*. Generalization; discrimination B. Spontaneous recovery; extinction C. Discrimination; generalization

Accepted Answer

A. Generalization; discrimination

Question 40

**Little Sofia loves that she gets attention from her kindergarten teacher every time she uses her manners. Because of it, *she continues to use manners*. What does this demonstrate?  A. Shaping B. The Social Learning Theory *C*. THE LAW EFFECT

Accepted Answer

C. The law of effect

Question 41

**The two MOST important concepts in *operant conditioning* are:  A. modeling and reinforcement *B*. REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT C. punishment and successive approximations

Accepted Answer

B. REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT

Question 42

When you increase a behavior\'s occurrence by *adding a consequence* you are using_____.  A. negative reinforcement *B*. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT C. latent learning

Accepted Answer

B. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 43

_______ is any event that follows a response and strengthens or *increases the probability that the response will be repeated*.  A. Avoidance learning B. conditioning *C*. REINFORCEMENT

Accepted Answer

C. Reinforcement

Question 44

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of behaviors occurring again; negative reinforcement _______ the likelihood of behaviors occurring again.   A. increases; have little effect on B. increases; decreases *C*. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases E. Decreases; increases

Accepted Answer

C. increases; increases

Question 45

all of the following are true regarding negative reinforcement EXCEPT  A. it involves a removal of an unpleasant stimulus or condition. B. it is used in operant conditioning C. it was created by B.F. Skinner *D*. it helps decrease unwanted behaviors

Accepted Answer

D. it helps decrease unwanted behaviors

Question 46

** Chris has a habit of leaving dirty dishes in the sink of his apartment. This behavior bothers his roommate. Chris has learned to *do his dishes so his irritating roommate does\'t yell at him* for letting them sit in the sink. This would be an example of ________.  *A*. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT B. modeling C. punishment D. classical conditioning E. positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 47

Maisha takes her daughter out for *ice cream* *after* her daughter *brings home an excellent report card*. This would be an example of _______.  A. classical conditioning *B*. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT C. negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

B. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 48

Loretta takes two *Tylenol to get rid of her aching headache*. She can easily recall how well it worked the last few times. This demonstrated the concept of  A. extinction B. punishment *C*. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Accepted Answer

C. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 49

When discussing schedules of reinforcement, __________ occurs when a behavior is rewarded *EVERY* times that particular behavior occurs  A. the fixed - interval schedule *B*. continuous reinforcement C. the fixed - variable schedule

Accepted Answer

B. continuous reinforcement

Question 50

Dwight rewards his own *EVERY* time he says, \"Please.\" Dwight is using the _________ schedule of reinforcement.   A. fixed - interval B. variable - ratio C. fixed - variable D. variable - interval *E*. continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

E. continuous reinforcement

Question 51

_________ consists of a series of *gradual steps* , each of which is more similar to the desire response.  *A*. SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS B. Classical conditioning C. An operant

Accepted Answer

A. Successive approximations

Question 52

Carla is *paid for every ten necklaces* she makes. This is an example of the ______ schedule of reinforcement.  *A*. *FIXED-RATIO* B. fixed - interval C. variable - interval

Accepted Answer

A. *fixed - ratio*

Question 53

When *teaching* her dog to retrieve the morning paper from the driveway, Petrova most likely used _______ to teach the complex behavior.  A. social learning *B*. SHAPING C. spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

B. shaping

Question 54

In _________, the conditioned response eventually *dissipates* after the anticipated reward or other form of reinforcement is withheld.   *A*. EXTINCTION  B. the acquisition phase

Accepted Answer

A. extinction

Question 55

** In order to change his behavior, Jimmy squeezes the snout of his puppy every time he bites him with his sharp, puppy teeth. This is an example of _______.  *A*. punishment B. classical conditioning C. modeling

Accepted Answer

A. punishment

Question 56

Michelle\'s twelve-year old daughter has not been on her best behavior lately. She has been what her mom calls \' mouthy\' and quite rude to just about everyone around her. In an attempt to change these behaviors, mom has informed her daughter that she will have four extra chores to complete each week, in addition to her regular weekly chores. in terms of operant conditioning, what technique has Michelle just employed?  A. Positive reinforcement *B*. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT C. Negative punishment D. Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

B. positive punishment

Question 57

Malik is a high school senior and has been saving up his joey to go on his senior trip to Florida. Unfortunately, Malik;s parents have noticed tat his grades have been dropping and he has been coming in the past curfew. They have talked to him about their expectations, but his behavior has not improved. Malik\'s parents decided to not allow him to go on his senior trip. In terms of operant conditioning, what technique did Malik\'s parents use to try to change his behavior?  A. Negative reinforcement B. positive punishment C. Positive reinforcement *D*. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Accepted Answer

E. Negative punishment

Question 58

Which of the following is FALSE?  *A*. STUDIES demonstrate that punishment alone is sufficient to teach appropriate behaviors  B. Punishment can be more more effect if it occurs right after or soon after the misbehavior occurs

Accepted Answer

A. Studies demonstrate that punishment alone is sufficient to teach appropriate behaviors

Question 59

Which of the following is FALSE regarding punishment?  a. punishment can lead to aggression in the receiver of the punishment  *B*. While Punishment is an option in changing behaviors, it is usually INEFFECTIVE

Accepted Answer

B. While Punishment is an option in changing behaviors, it is usually ineffective

Question 60

punishment can be made more effect if  *A*. ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE B. it occurs right after or soon after the misbehavior occurs C. it occurs every time the misbehavior occurs D. if is not too mild of punishment for this misbehavior E. if it is not too intense of a punishment for this misbehavior

Accepted Answer

A. all of these are true

Question 61

**The schedule of reinforcement that is most *resistant* to extinction is the ________ schedule.  *A*. VARIABLE-RATIO B. fixed - ratio

Accepted Answer

A. variable - ratio

Question 62

Kate and her brother were misbehaving. Their dad was busy working in the other room but kept asking them to stop. Because that did not work and the kids were still misbehaving, their dad was getting frustrated. Finally, he decided to make them lunch and while they were eating told them, \"You two just wait until your mother gets home form her business trip tomorrow night. You\'ll both be in big trouble of misbehaving!\" Which of the following is most likely be TRUE?  A. they were already yelled at so they don\'t need to worry about what mom has to say  B. Because the punishment was so swift, the children are not likely to misbehave for a while.  *C*. Whatever punishment mom has to offer will not be very effective because too much time will have gone by.

Accepted Answer

C. Whatever punishment mom has to offer will not be very effective because too much time will have gone by.

Question 63

Imagine that you have used a Skinner box to train a mouse to press a bar to receive food You have then successfully use extinction to undo the jour\'s prior learning. Once the mouse is placed back into that Skinner box a short while after a period of rest, *the mouse will likely press the bar a few times*. This is _________.  *A*. Spontaneous recovery B. insight learning C generalization

Accepted Answer

A. Spontaneous recovery

Question 64

Arden was working on her psychology assignment for graduate school. She was using the concepts of operant conditioning to teach a mouse how to open a door to receive food. *THE DEVICE SHE WAS LIKELY USING TO CONDITION HER MOUSE* WAS_________.  A. a tuning fork B. the pecking food tray C. biofeedback *D*. the SKINNER BOX E. the Pavlovian harness

Accepted Answer

D. the SKINNER BOX

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