question

Compared with males, the average female: A. has fewer neural connections B. is less vulnerable to depression C. is more sensitive to smells and sounds D. more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD

answer

C. is more sensitive to smells and sounds

question

The incest taboo is an example of: A. natural selection B. a culturally specific norm C. a universal norm D. universal social belief dimension

answer

C. a universal norm

question

Studies suggest that most women, if they stress one factor more than any other, tend to prefer men who: A. a healthy B. are physically attractive C. appear to be young and strong D. have substantial resources and status

answer

D. have substantial resources and status

question

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment) is the definition of: A. competition B. interaction C. interpolation D. reciprocation

answer

B. interaction

question

Anthropologists argue that if we could trace our ancestors back 100,000 years or more, we would see that we are all: A. asians B. americans C. europeans D. africans

answer

D. africans

question

According to Pratto and her colleagues (1997), which type of job is a male most likely to gravitate toward? A. public defender B. advertiser for charity organizations C. corporate advertising D. elementary school guidance counselor

answer

C. corporate advertising

question

Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behavior. This best illustrates the influence of a: A. norm B. schema C. role D. stereotype

answer

A. norm

question

Both men and women desire _______ in their relationships. A. youth B. beauty C. kindness and love D. resources and protection

answer

C. kindness and love

question

Pat has qualities like assertiveness, a traditionally masculine trait, as well as nurturance, a quality associated with traditional femininity. Pat could be described as: A. gender-ambivalent B. role-conflicted C. androgynous D. gender-diffused

answer

C. androgynous

question

Research on the Big Five personality traits indicates that: A. culture determines these traits B. differences among these traits in different countries are quite small C. national stereotypes about these traits are valid D. there are no cultural differences among these traits

answer

B. differences among these traits in different

question

One dramatic finding from developmental psychology (Plomin & Daniels, 1987) is that two children in the same family are, on average, A. as different from one another as two children selected at random B. more likely to share the same general personality characteristics than two children selected at random. C. completely uninfluenced by their genetic heritage. D. likely to share the same IQ.

answer

A. as different from one another as two children selected at random

question

When Trudy's best friend Jada sobs to her that she just broke up with her fiancé, Trudy begins crying too. Trudy's emotional reaction to Jada's heart break is best explained in terms of: A. empathy B. cynicism D. sympathy D. gender roles

answer

A. empathy

question

As people mature to middle age and beyond, A. gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease B. gender differences in interpersonal behavior increase C. androgyny in men decreases D. androgyny in women decreases

answer

A. gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease

question

Which of the following is NOT a criticism against evolutionary psychology? A. they are hindsight based B. there is not enough empirical evidence to support its claims C. they go against biological research D. the theories reinforce male-female stereotypes

answer

C. they go against biological research

question

If we expect someone to be hostile, our actions toward that person may induce hostility. This is an example of how: A. social situation affects different people differently. B. people choose their social situations. C. people create their social situations. D. social situations have little effect.

answer

C. people create their social situations.

question

Which statement about social norms is FALSE? A. Social norms make social interactions run more smoothly. B. Social norms cause us to feel uncomfortable when they are violated. C. Social norms control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence. D. social norms are not affected by culture

answer

D. social norms are not affected by culture

question

In a 2010 survey, _____ believed that men have more rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce. A. the majority of people from individualistic and collectivist cultures B. the majority of people from collectivist cultures C. the majority of people from individualistic cultures D. the majority of men from individualistic and collectivist cultures

answer

B. the majority of people from collectivist cultures

question

When men and women want empathy and understanding, they are most likely to turn to a: A. spouse B. woman C. man D. coworker

answer

B. woman

question

A set of behavioral expectations for males and females defines gender: A. type B. role C. identity D. position

answer

B. role

question

Eagly and Wood (2007) theorized that in adult life, the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are: A. the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor. B. biologically based differences in power and aggressiveness. C. learned habits reinforced by social rewards like affection. D. rules and laws that legislate and maintain the status quo.

answer

A. the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor.

question

The amount of personal space we require is based on all the following factors EXCEPT: A. culture B. weight C. familiarity D. age

answer

B. weight

question

Research on the Big Five personality traits have been shown to be universal. Which is NOT one of the five? A. shy B. open C. agreeable D. conscientious

answer

A. shy

question

In which of the following situations are women likely to be more aggressive than men? A. slapping B. verbal attacks C. spreading of malicious gossip D. men are more likely than women to be aggressive in all of these situations

answer

C. spreading of malicious gossip

question

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan? A. Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them. B. Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. C. Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them. D. Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

answer

A. Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them.

question

Being a student of social psychology, you can predict with reasonable accuracy that _______ are more likely to contribute to charitable organizations. A. the young B. the elderly C. men D. women

answer

D. women

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which social situations and individuals interact? A. social situations affect different people differently B. people choose their social situations C. people create their social situations D. people are unaffected by their social situations

answer

D. people are unaffected by their social situations

question

As women's employment in formerly male occupations has increased, the gender difference in self-reported masculinity/femininity has: A. increased B. decreased C. remained the same D. remained unknown

answer

B. decreased

question

According to Brown (1987), in general, who is more likely to initiate intimacy? A. the higher-status person B. the lower-status person C. the male D. the female

answer

A. the higher-status person

question

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict a(n) _______ committed the murder. A. man B. woman C. provoked individual D. innocent bystander

answer

A. man

question

In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, is referred to as: A. sex B. gender C. sexual orientation D. culture

answer

B. gender

question

The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches is called: A. evolutionary adaptation B. evolutionary psychology C. natural adaptation D. natural selection

answer

D. natural selection

question

Which statement about social norms is FALSE? A. Social norms make social interactions run more smoothly. B. Social norms cause us to feel uncomfortable when they are violated. C. Social norms control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence. D. Social norms are not affected by culture.

answer

D. Social norms are not affected by culture.

question

If we expect our significant other to be cheerful when we next see her, this may encourage her to be cheerful. This phenomenon is an example of how: A. social situation affects different people differently B. people choose their social situations C. people create their social situations D. social situations have little effect

answer

C. people create their social situations

question

As men and women perform more similar roles, their psychological differences: A. shrink B. magnify C. stay the same D. are unknown

answer

A. shrink

question

During a conversation, men are more likely than women to do all of the following EXCEPT: A. talk assertively B. interrupt intrusively C. stare more D. smile more

answer

D. smile more

question

Consistent with evolutionary psychology's explanation of gender differences, Roney (2003) found that teen males reported _______ as most important if left alone in a room with a teen female. A. being witty B. earning good grades C. having lots of money D. showing one's sensitive side

answer

C. having lots of money

question

All of the following are universal friendship norms EXCEPT: A. making eye contact while talking B. respecting the friend's privacy C. not embarrassing the friend with public criticism D. not divulging material said in confidence

answer

C. not embarrassing the friend with public criticism

question

Norms ______ behavior. A. describe B. prescribe C. change D. are the result of

answer

B. prescribe

question

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for: A. hindsight biases B. unethical treatment of human participants C. the use of unrepresentative samples D. functional fixedness

answer

A. hindsight biases

question

Which of the following is false? A. women buy more greeting cards than men B. women spend more time caring for aging parents then men C. men make fewer long distance calls to friends than women D. after the birth of a child, men become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes than women

answer

D. after the birth of a child, men become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes than women

question

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called: A. beliefs B. norms C. cultures D. values

answer

C. cultures

question

Which of the following is NOT a criticism against evolutionary psychology? A. they are hindsight-biased B. there is not enough empirical evidence to support its claims C. they go against biological research D. the theories reinforce male-female stereotypes

answer

C. they go against biological research

question

According to the text, what term best describes the relationship between biology and culture? A. competition B. interaction C. interpolation D. reciprocation

answer

B. interaction

question

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they: A. underestimate the role of genetic factors B. do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time. C. deny the role of hormonal factors D. rely to heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses

answer

B. do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time.

question

_____ implies that those genes that predispose traits that increase the odds of an individual surviving long enough to reproduce and nurture descendants will become more abundant in the population. A. natural selection B. evolutionary psychology C. culture D. empathy

answer

A. natural selection

question

Which of the following is a universal norm according to the textbook? A. cannibalism B. incest C. female genital mutation D. public nudity

answer

B. incest

question

_____ refer(s) to enduring behaviors, ideas, traditions, and attitudes that are shared by large groups of people and transferred generation to generation. A. culture B. natural selection C. evolution D. memes

answer

A. culture

question

What can we conclude about the relationship between persons and situations? A. Individuals vary in how they interpret and react to a given situation. B. People choose many of the situations that influence them. C. People often create their social situations. D. All of the above

answer

D. all of the above

question

The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that: A. women are more caring and care-giving than men B. women are expected to be more caring and care-giving than men C. the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become D. the way parents bring up their children has very little to do with who their children become

answer

C. the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become

question

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion regarding the relationship between social control and personal control? A. Social situations influence individuals. B. Individuals influence social situations. C. Social situations and individuals interact. D. Social situations have no influence on individuals.

answer

C. Social situations and individuals interact.

question

Your mother has commented on how little time your older sister, who recently married, spends on housework, as compared to what she herself used to spend when she was a newlywed. Your mother's comment reflects how gender roles: A. are learned B. are biologically determined C. vary by culture D. vary over time

answer

D. vary over time

question

If we expect our significant other to be cheerful when we next see her, this may encourage her to be cheerful. This phenomenon is an example of how: A. social situation affects different people differently. B. people choose their social situations. C. people create their social situations. D. social situations have little effect.

answer

C. people create their social situations.

question

Evolutionary psychologists study: A. physical traits B. psychological traits C. both physical and psychological traits D. neither physical nor psychological traits

answer

D. neither physical nor psychological traits

question

Harris (1996) argued that 40 to 50 percent of the personality differences between siblings can be explained by: A. the sex of the child B. parental influence C. peer influence D. sibling rivalry

answer

C. peer influence

question

Punctuality is one of the _______ of North American businesspeople. A. attitudes B. norms C. values D. characteristics

answer

B. norms

question

Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective. A. evolutionary; cultural B. cognitive; psychoanalytical C. humanistic; cultural D. biological; humanistic

answer

A. evolutionary; cultural

question

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity: A. for self-destruction B. for altruism C. to dominate other species D. to learn and adapt

answer

D. to learn and adapt

question

The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by: A. acquiring wealth B. maintaining health C. exceeding average life expectancy D. having grandchildren

answer

D. having grandchildren

question

Dr. Smith is interested in how the principles of natural selection impact humans' cognitions and behavior. Dr. Smith is most likely a(n): A. anthropologist B. evolutionary psychologist C. sociologist D. cultural psychologist

answer

B. evolutionary psychologist

question

The text suggests that most religions encourage us to view ourselves as _______ and others as _______. A. influenced by our environments; free agents B. free agents; influenced by their environment C. free agents; free agents D. influenced by our environments; influenced by their environments

answer

B. free agents; influenced by their environment

question

Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that: A. testosterone levels influence animal aggression but not human aggression. B. violent male criminals have higher than normal testosterone levels. C. gender differences in aggression are clearly unrelated to hormonal differences. D. administering testosterone reduces aggression in most animals.

answer

B. violent male criminals have higher than normal testosterone levels.

question

Research on the Big Five personality traits indicates that: A. culture determines these traits. B. differences among these traits in different countries are quite small. C. national stereotypes about these traits are valid. D. there are no cultural differences among these traits.

answer

B. differences among these traits in different countries are quite small.

question

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan? A. Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. B. Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. C. Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them. D. Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

answer

A. Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.

question

According to the text, _______ are more likely to describe themselves as having empathy. A. the young B. the elderly C. men D. women

answer

D. women

question

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because: A. males outnumber females. B. each strategy is likely to promote gene survival. C. males and females are socialized differently. D. of differences in brain chemistry.

answer

B. each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.

question

Pratto and her colleagues (1997) reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities, such as a public defender. A. the young B. the elderly C. men D. women

answer

D. women

question

According to personality tests administered in 55 nations, women do not report more _____ than men. A. agreeableness B. neuroticism C. extraversion D. conscientiousness

answer

B. neuroticism

question

Higher than normal levels of testosterone have been found in: A. violent male criminals B. male lawyers C. gay men D. married men

answer

A. violent male criminals

question

On which dimension do females and males differ? A. age at which they begin walking B. overall vocabulary C. self-esteem D. ability to wiggle their ears

answer

D. ability to wiggle their ears

question

According to natural selection, those with genes best suited to an environment are likely to: A. struggle and then perish B. perish C. survive yet struggle D. survive and reproduce

answer

D. survive and reproduce

question

Compared to girls, boys: A. play less aggressively. B. play in larger groups. C. talk more intimately. D. spend more time on social networking sites.

answer

B. play in larger groups.

question

Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life, yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language so she would understand the Greek way of life. What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her? A. a belief B. a norm C. a culture D. a value

answer

C. a culture

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE? A. Gender roles are the sole result of genetics. B. Gender roles are the sole result of learning. C. Gender roles vary by climate. D. Gender roles vary by culture.

answer

D. Gender roles vary by culture.

question

You choose to attend a college that is known for its arts program, as you would like to develop your talents further. This is an example of how: A. the social situation affects different people differently. B. people choose their social situations. C. people create their social situations. D. social situations have little effect.

answer

B. people choose their social situations.

question

According to Baumeister, culture is linked to all of the following EXCEPT: A. our communication through language. B. driving on only one side of the road. C. eating fruit in the winter. D. why Africans have darker skin than Scandinavians.

answer

D. why Africans have darker skin than Scandinavians.

question

Much of the style we attribute to men is: A. based on genetics. B. viewed as submissive in nature. C. typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power. D. typical of people in lower status and power.

answer

C. typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.

question

Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant, Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James. James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated: A. his social role. B. his personal space. C. Brown's universal norm. D. the personal rights taboo

answer

B. his personal space.

question

According to anthropologists, which of the following is NOT true? A. We are more alike than we are different. B. All people migrated from Africa. C. We are more different than we are alike. D. We are social beings.

answer

C. We are more different than we are alike.

question

Women are to men as _____ is to _____. A. independence; connectedness B. competition; cooperation C. expressing emotions nonverbally; social dominance D. sexual; aggressive

answer

C. expressing emotions nonverbally; social dominance

question

Rules for accepted and expected behavior are called: A. values. B.norms. C. attitudes. D. both B and C

answer

B. norms

question

As an exchange student, you notice that standards of beauty are much different in the country you are visiting. Billboards and advertisements display women that are not as thin as in the United States. You conclude that this difference in standards of beauty is the result of different: A. norms. B. languages. C. climates. D. cultures.

answer

D. cultures

question

A set of behavioral expectations for males and females defines gender: A. type. B. role. C. identity. D. position

answer

B. role

question

Your family is anticipating the arrival of an exchange student from Latin America. Being a student of social psychology, you are aware that the student's preference for personal space will likely: A. be greater than your family's. B. be less than your family's. C. be the same as your family's. D. depend on the situation.

answer

B. be less than your family's.

question

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because: A. males outnumber females. B. each strategy is likely to promote gene survival. C. males and females are socialized differently. D. of differences in brain chemistry

answer

B. each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.

question

According to research on gender differences, which statement is NOT true? A. Women are more skilled at expressing emotions nonverbally. B. Women smile more than men. C. Women describe themselves as having more empathy than men. D. Women are more vulnerable to autism.

answer

D. Women are more vulnerable to autism.

question

Harris (1996) suggested that if children were left with their same schools, neighborhoods, and peers, but their parents were switched, the children would develop into the same sort of adults. This conclusion reflects the power of: A. parents. B. siblings. C. peers. D. teachers.

answer

C. peers

question

The incest taboo is an example of: A. natural selection. B. a culturally specific norm. C. a universal norm. D. universal social belief dimension.

answer

C. a universal norm.

question

Universal norms are to _______ as culture-specific norms are to _______. A. nurture; nature B. evolution; biology C. nature; nurture D. biology; evolution

answer

C. nature; nurture

question

Some norms are culture-specific, while others are universal. The universality of some norms is accounted for by: A. the force of culture. B. genetic diversity. C. cultural similarities. D. genetic predispositions.

answer

D. genetic predispositions.

question

Which of the following statements is an example of aggression? A. Jenny spreads a hurtful rumor about Sally. B. Jim believes that John's extraverted behavior is based on his internal dispositions. C. Joanna starts crying when her good friend Kelly tells her of a recent breakup. D. Jim believes that John's extraverted behavior is based on situational constraints.

answer

A. Jenny spreads a hurtful rumor about Sally.

question

Worldwide, women's vocational interests, compared to men, A. relate to things rather than people. B. relate to people rather than things. C. relate to things and people. D. have no difference.

answer

B. relate to people rather than things.

question

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to: A. flee. B. fight. C. befriend. D. collapse.

answer

C. befriend

question

Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five? A. justice B. social complexity C. reward for application D. cynicism

answer

A. justice

question

Those living _______ prefer more personal distance space than those living _______. A. closer to the equator; farther away from the equator B. in Central America; in Iceland C. in Latin America; in North America D. farther away from the equator; closer to the equator

answer

D. farther away from the equator; closer to the equator

question

According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004), those people who espouse ______ express lower life satisfaction as well as right-wing politics. A. justice B. social complexity C. reward for application D. cynicism

answer

D. cynicism

question

According to the text, women of all ages tend to prefer men _______ themselves. A. slightly older than B. slightly younger than C. the same age as D. less dominant than

answer

A. slightly older than

question

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is: A. norm. B. altruism. C. sympathy. D. empathy

answer

D. empathy

question

A person who is both _______ would be considered androgynous. A. assertive and nurturing B. intelligent and athletic C. moral and competent D. good and evil

answer

A. assertive and nurturing

question

The term gender role refers to: A. enduring behaviors, attitudes, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next. B. a set of behavior expectations for males and females. C. a rule for accepted and expected behaviors. D. the personality characteristics by which people define male and female.

answer

B. a set of behavior expectations for males and females.

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