CH 3: Assessment Teaching English Language Learners – Flashcards
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What helps educators to agree on the expectations and content of English-language instruction and be certain that the school successes of ELD learners are clearly documented.
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The use of standards.
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What are content standards?
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Standards for what students should know.
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What are performance standards?
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Standards that set how well students should know a given material.
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What are delivery standards?
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A description of what all schools must provide for students to achieve these standards.
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What does AYP stand for?
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Adequate yearly progress.
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What does NCLB stand for and what does it require?
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No Child Left Behind Act requiring that all students be "proficient" in reading and mathematics by the 2013-2014 school year.
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What is the current funding procedure resulting from student assessment?
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Funds are augmented for schools that show increased test scores and withheld from schools in which test scores have not risen over a given period.
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What happens to schools that fail to make acceptable AYP for two years in a row?
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Corrective action
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What does LEP stand for?
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Limited English Proficiency
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What is the current percentage of English learners in the U.S. that are not Spanish for whom primary-language tests are often not available?
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6 percent (about 250,000 students)
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What is the aim of standardized measures?
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To ensure that all students are held to the same level of performance.
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What are the four stages of Natural Approach again?
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Preproduction, Early production, speech emergence, and intermediate fluency.
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What is an advantage of establishing content and performance standards for English learners?
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Teachers can use these standards to focus on what students need to know.
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What does the application of standards help avoid happening with ELLs?
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The use of ELD materials that are designed for younger students or for special education students.
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What are the components of the assessment picture for English learners?
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Some assessments are required by government programs and legal mandates, and others are a part of standard classroom practice.
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What is assessment the beginning of?
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Instruction
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Why does assessment take place at intervals?
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In order to modify or improve the learner's performance.
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What are the first ELL assessment use for?
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To identify English learners as they enroll in school.
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What does ELA stand for?
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English Language Arts. 2.1.001
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What does the " Universal access to the Language Arts Curriculum" describe?
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The procedures that must be in place in the classroom to ensure that English learners can make adequate yearly progress. 2.1.001
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What are some of the procedures that ensure AYP for English learners?
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The use of assessment for placement, planning, and monitoring instruction. Modification of curricula to meet the needs of English learners. Deployment of a variety of resources and teaching methods adapted to the individual needs of English learners. Differentiation of instruction in such areas as depth, complexity, and emphasis to ensure students' mastery of key concepts. Providing flexible grouping strategies according to students' needs. Marshaling of help from school personnel when appropriate.
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What two methods are used to identify English learners needing services that are collected from incoming students?
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Registration and Enrollment
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What are other methods used to identify English learners besides assessment?
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Observations, interviews, and referrals
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What is the home language survey?
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A short form administered by school districts to determine the language spoken at home.
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What needs to be determined after the student is identified?
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The student's level of English proficiency.
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What requires school districts to administer a placement test before assigning a new student to an instructional program if a home language survey indicates that the student's primary language is not English?
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State and federal mandates.
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What are some measures to evaluate students for ELD services in the United States?
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Oral proficiency tests, teacher judgment, parent request, and literacy test in English, prior instructional services, writing samples in English, achievement test in English, teacher ratings of English proficiency, oral proficiency test in the native language, and achievement test in the native language.
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What are some ways to learn about students' language abilities?
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Observe students in multiple settings, such as classroom, home, and playground. With the help of a trained interpreter if necessary, obtain histories(medical, family, previous education, immigration experience, home languages). Interview current or previous classroom teachers for information about a student's learning style and classroom behavior. Seek information from other school personnel such as nurses or counselors. Ask the student's parents to characterize the student's language and performance skills in the home and the community.
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What can be used to confirm or adjust student placement?
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Teacher-devised checklists and observational data gathered.
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List various test used for identification and placement of language-minority students.
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BINL: Basic Inventory of Natural Language BOLT: Bilingual Oral Language Test Brigance-C: Brigance Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills - English and Spanish Brigance -D: Brigance Diagnostic Assessment of Basic Skills-Spanish CAT: California Achievement Test CELT: Comprehensive English Language Test CTBS: Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills FLA: Functional Language Assessment IPT: IDEA (Oral Language) Proficiency Test ITBS: Iowa Test of Basic Skills LAB: Language Assessment Battery LAS: Language Assessment Survey MAP: Maculatis Assessment Program MAT: Metropolitan Achievement Test MRT: Metropolitan Readiness Test PIAT: Peabody Individual Achievement Test PPVT: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test QSE: Quick Start in English SAT: Stanford Achievement Test SRA: Science Research Associates, Inc. TAP: Total Academic Proficiency WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test WMLS-R: Woodcock Munoz Language Survey- Revised
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What does AMAOs stand for and what is its purpose?
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Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives for monitoring the progress of English learners toward attaining proficiency in English.
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What linkage makes English learners' achievement possible?
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Linkage between standards, placement testing, instruction, and careful record keeping.
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What is the ELD standard based on ?
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Students' assessed levels(s)
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What should each lesson have to promote cognitive academic language proficiency?
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A learning-strategy objective
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What is "backwards"lesson planning?
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Moving from assessment to objective in planning.
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What does the process of instruction consists of according to curriculum experts?
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Aligning curriculum(both teacher-created and textbook assignments) with grade-level standards and students' assessed levels(s) also called Curriculum Calibration. Using grade-level formative(in-process) and summative(final) assessments to improve student achievement. Applying effective instructional strategies to ensure student mastery of the standards taught.
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What are the three groups proposed by Kame'enui and Simmons(2000) in designing universal access to the language arts curriculum?
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Benchmark group Strategic group Intensive group
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What is progress tracking?
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Keeping a progress file in which the yearly proficiency score is recorded.
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What is redesignation?
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The term used when a student, who was initially identified as limited English-proficient has developed sufficient English language skills to function in English-only instruction. The designation of such a student is changed from limited English-proficient to (Reclassified) fluent-English proficient(FEP).
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What are some factors within the context of testing that may cause added difficulties to ELLs?
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Anxiety Lack of experience with testing materials. Time limitations Rapport with the test administrator.
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What is Geographic Bias?
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When test items feature terms used in particular geographic regions that are not universally shared. 2.1.002
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What is Dialectical Bias?
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When a student is tested using expressions relevant to certain dialect speakers that are not known to others.
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What is Language-specific Bias?
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It is created when a test developed for one language is used with another language.
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What is Cultural Bias?
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It occurs when the test represents content from dominant culture that may be understood differently or not at all by English learners.
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When is a test valid?
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When it measures what it claims to be measuring. 2.1.002
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When does a test have content validity?
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It is considered to have content validity when it samples the content that it claims to test in some representative way.
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What is empirical validity?
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A measure of how effectively a test relates to some other known measure.
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What are textbook tests?
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Tests provided by the textbook publisher and designed to correlate with text content.
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What are performance-based test? Give examples.
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Test performed by the actual doing of a task. Examples: Essays, demonstrations, computer simulations, performance events, and open ended problem solving.
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What is the advantage of authentic assessments?
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These assessments show a direct relation to classroom performance.
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What are teacher-made tests?
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Tests designed to determine report card grades.
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What are portfolio assessments?
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Long-term records of students' progress that provide a clear and understandable measure of student productivity instead of a single number.
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What are observation-based assessments?
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Assessments used by a teacher to make notes of students' learning behavior as they interact and communicate using language(can be formal or informal).
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How can questionnaires and surveys aid teachers?
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They can help teachers learn about many students' skills and interests at once.
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What does a scoring rubric that provides clear criteria for scoring student work provide?
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It increases the consistency of assessment, clarifies the expectations for the assignment, and aids students in monitoring and critiquing their own work.
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What are some of the approaches used in assigning grades?
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Traditional grade scale(A-F) is done in accordance with grade-level expectations and do not lower performance standards for English learners in sheltered classes, although assignments are adjusted to meet the students' language levels. Modified grade scale(A-F) is used to assess students' work with an A-F grade based on achievement, effort, and behavior, and with report card grades modified by a qualifier signifying work performed above, at, or below grade level. Pass/fail grade scale is used by schools whose English learners are integrated into the regular classroom. This scale avoids comparing the English learners with English-proficient classmates.
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What are the three types of lesson objectives?
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Content objectives: lessons contain content area objective drawn from standards designed by state agencies, district planners, and school officials with assessments to match the objectives. Language-development objectives: lessons designed on the target ELD levels of the students with objectives that are compatible with the language requirements in the content lesson. Need to recognize all four language modes: listening , speaking, reading, and writing. Learning-strategy objectives: Lessons designed to teach students a skill that helps them learn better. Divided into three areas: cognitive, meta-cognitive, and social-affective.
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What are some various types of informal and formal ELD assessments in the domain of reading instruction?
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Informal reading inventories Literacy skill checklists Running records Miscue analysis Guided observations Portfolio assessments
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What are the general goals of reading instruction?
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To expand word recognition, comprehension, and analytic skills.
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What are the three major areas in balanced writing?
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Attention to sentence and paragraph structure and organization of ideas. Originality and depth of thought. Mechanics.
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What type of rubric can a teacher use to scale student performance on given objectives?
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Three-level rubric including secured proficiency in the skill and move on, in need of more guided or independent practice, and unable to perform the skill even with assistance.
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What are some classroom interventions for students not meeting the ELD standards?
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Teaching the student with modified input(multimodalities such as audio-recording a reading passage, manipulative use, or increase primary-language instruction), simplified text, additional review, study outlines, computer-assisted skill drills, or the services of an instructional aide.
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What are some ways tests are scaffold?
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Underlying key terms, dividing a test question into subsections, or providing direct reference to prior knowledge.
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What are some of the possible factors that may cause English learners and culturally different students to resemble students with learning disabilities?
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Sound-symbol relationships Receptive language Meta-cognition Information retention Motor Control Social-emotional functioning Attending and focusing Culture/Language Shock
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What is the period of initial intervention?
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The process of gathering data and implementing changes in the educational environment before testing.
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Questions to consider before referral to special education testing.
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What are specific examples of a student's needs that are as yet unmet in the regular classroom? Is there a chronic pattern that negatively affects learning? Does the difficulty follow no clear pattern? Is the student's unmet need becoming more serious as time passes? Is the student's functioning significantly different from that of classmates?
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What is a key to the diagnosis of language-related disorders?
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The presence of similar patterns in both the primary and the second language.
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What is needed to determine whether a student has a learning disability?
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The presence of "a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes" that "is not the result of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantages".
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How should special needs testing be administered in regards to ELLs?
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In the primary language by someone who is competent in the oral and written skills of the individual's primary language and who has a knowledge and understanding of the cultural and ethnic background of the pupil.
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What is inclusion?
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The provision of instruction within the conventional or mainstream classroom for students with special needs or talents.
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What are the three components of an exemplary program for CLD learners?
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Comprehensible instruction in the content areas using primary language and SDAIE. Language arts instruction in English. Heritage- Primary language maintenance or development.
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What are the three phases of teaching listening in the inclusion setting? Give an example of each.
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Before listening- arrange information in short, logical, well-organized segments. During listening- provide verbal, pictorial, or written prelistening organizers to cue students to important information. After listening- integrate other language arts and content activities with listening as a follow-up.
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What are the three parts of reading tasks of assignments in the inclusion setting? Give an example of each.
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Before reading-preview reading materials to assist students with establishing purpose, activating prior knowledge, budgeting time, and focusing attention. During reading-Highlight key words, phrases, and concepts with outlines or study guides. After reading-reteach vocabulary to ensure retention.
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What are the two main purposes of writing in the classroom?
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To capture and demonstrate content knowledge (notes, assignments, tests). To express creativity.
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State-mandated standardized assessments
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CELT: Comprehensive English Language Test CAHSEE: California High School Exit Exam CST: California Standardized Tests 2.1.002
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What are the purposes of Assessment?
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1. PROFICIENCY TEST: student's level of performanceP 2. DIAGNOSTIC/PLACEMENT 3. ACHIEVEMENT: assess student's previous learning 4. WORK SAMPLES/OBSERVATION:provide a snapshot of student's work 5. PERFORMANCE: outcome measure 6. COMPETENCY: for student promotion 2.1.002
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When is a test reliable?
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If it produces similar scores when taken again. 2.1.002
