Behavioral Theory – classical conditioning vs operant conditioning – Flashcards
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classical conditioning
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Paring a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditional stimulus (US) to produce the unconditioned response (UR) so that the: CS independently produces the same response which is now called the CR
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Who is the operant?
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The person or animal whose behaviors is being changed
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Operant conditioning
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Behaviors (response) may not be elicited by stimuli Behaviors are conditioned based on consequences Rat (operant) in box --> sniff around, accidentally presses lever and food is delivered (positive reinforcement) Rat learns to push lever
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In operant condition, how are behavior learned
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If the behavior is reinforced, the behavior continues
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In operant condition, what happens to a behavior if it is not reinforced?
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it becomes extinct
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Shaping vs Modeling
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ways to learn new complex behavior *shaping:* continuous reinforcement at each step leading to a behavioral goal *modeling* learning new behavior/skills by observing/imitating others individually and societal level (gender roles)
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Continuous reinforcement vs Intermittent reinforcement
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Continuous - helpful to learn a new behavior, but can become extinct quickly Intermittent- helpful to maintain a behavior, and extinction is more difficult
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Used to maintain a behavior and prevent extinction Fixed or variable
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Intermittent reinforcement Extinction is more difficult: variable > fixed
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Types of intermittent reinforcement Fixed vs Variable Ratio vs Interval
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Fixed (helps with maintaining) Variable (prevents long term extinction) Ratio- # of successes Interval - Time period (schedule)
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Types of intermittent reinforcement Fixed interval
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Best for: maintain a behavior Types of intermittent reinforcement Fixed interval: - Reinforcement: fixed interval - Example: treasure box at school q Friday when chid exhibits a certain behavior during the week - Produces: increase in behavior, and drop off until right before next reinforcement - Time to reach high quantities of behavior: Longest Variable interval: Fixed ratio: Variable ratio:
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Variable interval:
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Best - maintain, and prevent dropping off of behavior - Reinforcement: variable interval - Example: when child is sitting quietly at desk, the teacher randomly praises the child (once at 3 minutes, once at 5 minutes, etc..) - Produces: no drop off in behavior - Time to reach high quantities of behavior: less time then fixed - Higher fréquency of behaviors then fixed
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Fixed ratio
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Best for: teaching a new behavior - Reinforcement: fixed ratio - Example: after certain # of successes sticker for good behavior Gets to go toy box after 3 stickers - Time to reach high quantities of behavior: less time then interval reinforcement - Higher fréquency of behaviors then interval reinforcement
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Variable ratio
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Best for: maintaining a behavior - Reinforcement: variable ratio - Example: child gets praised randomly when he shares a toy with his sister Slot machine - Time to reach high quantities of behavior: least time - Highest fréquency of behaviors
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High frequency to lowest frequency of behaviors
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Variable ratio > Fixed ratio > Variable interval > Fixed interval
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Time to reach high quantities of behaviors shortest to longest time period
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Variable ratio > Fixed ratio > Variable interval > Fixed interval
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post extinction burst
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undesirable behavior becomes worse before they get better (if ignoring is consistent)
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operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment
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operant conditioning Positive reinforcement: when child shares, he gets praised Negative reinforcement: (remove stimulus) when child shares toy, the sister does not tantrum *decrease behavior* Positive punishment: (add stimulus) if the child does not share, he gets hit Negative punishment: if the child does not share, the toy is taken away
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Reinforcement
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Increase a behavior
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Punishment
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decrease a behavior
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Positive
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Stimulus is added
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Negative
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Stimulus is removed
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when child shares, the child is praised
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positive reinforcement
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When the child does not share, the child is hit
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Positive punishment (punishment)
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when the child shares, the sister does not tantrum
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Negative reinforcement (response cost)
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when the child does not share, the toy is taken away
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Negative punishment
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Punishment (another term)
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Positive punishment
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Response cost
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Negative reinforcement Pigs respond to the wolf, by paying the cost of reinforcing the walls with gold
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Ignoring bad behavior
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Removing attention (removing stimuli) = negative decreasing a behavior = punishment Therefore, negative punishment
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Star chart
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Adding a reward sticker (add stimuli) = positive Increase a desired behavior = reinforcement therefore, positive reinforcement
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Problems with punishment based behavior management plans
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Short term - works temporarily Immediate reaction - lead parental anger, emotionally charged Long term - hurt child's self esteem, create feelings of anger and insecurity
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Limitations of Behavioral Theory
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Lead one to only control a child's behavior and not make attempt to understand behavior, motivation Does not allow at all for any influence on behavior to come from within thoughts, feelings, and decisions
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Antecedent
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Just like consequences can influence a likelihood of behavior Can also change behavior
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Piaget and following rules
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Pre-operational (2-6y): moral hetermonomy Follow rules without questioning After 6 years, questions rules and therefore, it is important to explain to child.
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Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
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(Bandura) determinants of individual behavior are observations and interactions with others
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In social learning theory, what factors infuse behaviors
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social hierarchies family influences social interactions Personal characteristics + age can influence individual's rate of change
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operant conditioning vs social learning theory
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*operant conditioning* stimuli in the environment reinforces behavior (timeout, shaping, stimulus control, planned ignoring) *social learning theory* Methods to evoke behavioral change using social learning approach wold instead *target behaviors of others* in the environment for the targeted individual to model or imitate. examples: modeling, role playing, observational learning (incorporates operant conditioning, but within the social context)
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Social influence theory
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Individual will imitate/model the behaviors of those he interacts with, see as similar to him/herself and looks up to or emulates
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limitations of social learning theory for behavior change
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Other factors can affect behavior: - genetics - cognition
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Toilet training Behavior theory
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Toilet training Behavior theory *Parent-oriented* Break down process into smaller steps - rewards and praise for smaller steps
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Toilet training Social learning theory
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Toilet training Social learning theory *Child-oriented* Role modeling by a sibling or another child and giving praise
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Social context ? health decisions
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Social context influences rate of behavioral change Influence on behavior - sociocultural forces that shape people's daily experiences, health, and behavior Health decisions can be influenced by: -historical and political structures -organizations and institutions -individual and personal factors
