AP Psychology Quizzes – Flashcards
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By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
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Classical conditioning
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The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were
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conditioned response
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A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
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CS (controlled stimuli)
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A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.
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Extinction
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Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates
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Generalization
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In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between
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events that it does not control.
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Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as
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shaping
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Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
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Positive reinforcer
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The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
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partial reinforcement.
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Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
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punishment
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
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associative learning
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Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of
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Opperant conditioning
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Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior?
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Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
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Operant conditioning involves a learned association between
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A behavior and its consequence
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After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to "sit" by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate
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Extinction
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Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
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Modeling
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Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
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observational learning
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Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosocially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to
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Make sure their own action and words are consistent
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Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. Research cited in the text indications that this may lead her to
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experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.
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After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates
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desensitization
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Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
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Long Term Memory
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The process of encoding refers to
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Getting information into memory
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The process of retrieval refers to
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getting information out of memory storage
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Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?
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Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory.
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The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of
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Chunking
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A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as
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Connectionism
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Which term best describes parallel processing?
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Automatic
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The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
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Iconic
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Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study found that ________ memories have a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal.
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Short term
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Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
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the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
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Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories
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was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.
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Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the
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Hippocampus
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After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from
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Amnesia
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Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
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Bodies release of stress hormones
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When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of
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Mood congurent memory
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Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the
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Serial position effect
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The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to
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Encoding failure
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Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially
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Rapid and subsequently slows down
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Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates
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Retroactive interference
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A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as
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Repression
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In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of
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Transience
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Stereotypes can often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
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Memory construction
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To gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must
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Use neutral words that children can understand
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People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize
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Interference
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When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called
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Rehearsal
