Epidemiology – Respiratory Disease (Diphtheria-Common cold – Flashcards
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What is Diphtheria
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is acute bacterial disease involving the tonsils, pharynx, larynx and nose
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Which are the signs and symptoms for Diphtheria
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• marked by patches of an adherent grayish membrane with a surrounding inflammation • sore throat • enlarged tender cervical lymph nodes • edema in the neck
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Which are infectious agent of Diphtheria
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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How is the presumptive diagnosis done for Diphtheria
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Is based on observation of a whitish membrane extending to the uvula and soft plate
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With what is associate the presumptive diagnosis of Diphtheria
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Tonsilitis Pharyngitis Cervical lymphadenopathy Serosanguinous nasal exchange
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How is the confirmatory diagnosis done for Diphtheria
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by bacteriologic examination of lesions
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Which is the treatment for Diphtheria
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Antitoxin of equine origin given immediately after bacteriologic specimens are taken a single dose of 20,000-100,000 units IM
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Which is the treatment for severe infection of Diphtheria
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Is given IV and IM E-mycin or PCN are effective administer after cultures are obtained in conjunction with antitoxin
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Which is the treatment that is recommended when patient can't swallow
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Procaine PCN G (IM)
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Which is the occurrence for Diphtheria
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Colder months in temperate zones primarily involving non immunized children less than 15 yrs of age Adults whose immunization has been neglected
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Which is the mode of transmission for Diphtheria
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Contact with patient and carrier Contact with infected formites with d/c from lesions Milk can serve as a vehicle
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Which is the incubation period for Diphtheria
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Usually 2-5 days ; occasionally longer
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Which is the period of communicability for Diphtheria
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Usually 2 weeks or less Seldom more than 4 wks Effective antibiotic therapy promptly terminates shedding Chronic carrier shed for 6 months or more
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Which is the susceptibilty and resistance for Diphtheria
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Infants: passive usually lost in 6 mionths Immunity: active induced by toxoid
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Which are the preventive measures for Diphtheria
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Education and Active Immunization
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Which are the control of patient measures for Diphtheria
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Report to HD Isolation Disinfection of soiled articles Quarantine Management/Investigation of contacts ( use of PCN and E-mycin as chemoprophylaxis) Treatment
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How is Rubella (German Measles) chararcterized
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Is an mild febrile viral disease that is characterized as a diffuse punctate and maculopapular rash somtimes resembling that of measles or scarlet fever
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Which is the prodromal stage that adults may experience
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Is a 1-5 days prodrome of Low grade fever Headache Malaise Mild coryza conjuntivitis
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Which is the most characteristic clinical feature for Rubella
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Is a postauricular, occipital and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy that precedes the rash by 5-10 days
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What is common in Rubella and Rubeola
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Leukopenia
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How is the diagnosis done for Rubella
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Lab confirmation by fourfold rise in specific antibody titer by ELISA
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Which is the occurrence of Rubella
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Is prevalent in winter and spring Is primarily a disease of childhood in non immunized poblation
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Which is the mode of transmission of Rubella
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Contact with nasopharyngeal secretions Droplet spread or direct contact Infants can shed large quantities of virus in their pharygeal secretions and urine
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Which is the incubation period of Rubella
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Range 14-21 days with average of 14-17 days
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Which is the period of communicability of Rubella
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High communicable 1 wk before and at least 4 days after onset of rash Infants shed virus for months after birth
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What is Rubeola (Measles)
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Is an acute highly communicable viral disease with prodromal fever conjuntivitis coryza cough koplik spots on the buccal mucosa
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What does appear on the 3rd to 7th day of Rubeola infection
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Appear a characteristic red blothchy rash that begins on the face becomes generalized and last 4-7 days
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Which are the complications of Rubeola
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Otitis media Pneumonia Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) diarrhea encephalitis
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How is the diagnosis done for Rubeola
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Made clinical and epidemiological grounds confirm by the detection of measles specific IgM antibiodies viral antigen using FA techniques virus isolation in cell cuture from blood, conjuntiva, nasopharynx or urine taken the 3rd day of rash
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Which is the occurence of Rubeola
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Is one of the most highly communicable ID and a herd immunity of > 94% may be needed to interrupt transmission
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Which is the mode of transmission for Rubeola
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Airborne by droplet Direct contact with nasal or throat secretion Contact with infected formites with nose and throat secretions
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Which is the incubation period of Rubeola
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About 10 days It can vary from 7-18 days from exposure to onset of fever Usually 14 days until rash appears
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Which is the period of communicability of Rubeola
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before the begining of the prodromal period to 4 days after appearance of the rash minimal after the second day
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Which is the susceptibility and resistance of Rubeola
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Maternal antibody interfieres with response to vaccine: Immunization at 15 months produced immunity in 95-98% and re-immunization may increase immunity levels to as high as 99%
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How is Pneumococcal Pneumonia characterized
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Is an acute bacterial infection typically characterized by a sudden onset of shaking chills, fever, pleural pain, dyspnea, tahypnea, productive cough of "rusty" sputum and leukocytosis
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Which is the initial manifestation of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Fever, vomiting and convulsions is tne initial manifestation in infants and young children
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Which is the infectious agent for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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How is the suspected diagnosis done for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Presence in gram stains of sputum
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How is the confirmed diagnosis done for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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By isolation of pneumococci from secretions from the lower respiratory tract of adults
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Which is the treatment of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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PCN G (preffered) E-mycin ( hypersensitve to PCN) Vancomycin and Chloramphenicol (Multiresistant strains)
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Which is the occurrence of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Lower socioeconimic groups and developing countries Highest in winter and spring
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Which is the reservoir for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Commonly found in the upper respiratory tract of healthly people throughout the world
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Which is the mode of transmission for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Droplet Direct oral contact Indirectly through contaminated formites with respiratory d/c
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Which is the incubation period for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Short as 1-3 days
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Which is the susceptibility and resistance of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Risk of infection is increased by influenza pulmonary edema aspiration following alcoholic intoxication chronic lung disease age
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Which is the preventive measure for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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avoid crowding in living quarters administration of vaccine to high risk person
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Which is the control of patient measures for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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Report to HD Isolation treatment
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What is Legionellosis
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Is an acute bacterial disease with 2 currently recognized, distinct clinical and epidemic manifestation
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Which are the 2 distinct clinical and epidemic manifestation of Legionellosis
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Legionnaire's disease Pontiac fever
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How are both manifestation of Legionellosis characterized
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Both are characterized initially by anorexia malaise myalgia headache Within a day: fever associated with chills temperatures reach 39°C-40.5° C (102°F-105°F)
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Which is common in both manifestation of Legionellosis
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nonproductive cough, abdominal pain and diarrhea
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What is shown on the x-ray for Legionnaire's disease
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It show patchy or focal areas of consolidation tha tmay progress to bilateral involvement and ultimately to respiratory failure
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In how many days does the patient recover without treatment of Legionellosis
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2-5 days
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Which is the infectious agent for Legionellosis
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Legionellae pneumophila
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How is ths diagnosis done for Legionellosis
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Detection of antigens of Legionellae pneumophilain urine by RIA or by a fourfold or greater rise in IFA titer
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Which is the treatment of Legionellosis
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E-mycin
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Which is the occurrence of Legionellosis
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Throughout North America as well as in Australia, Africa, South America and Europe
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When are sporadic cases and outbreaks of Legionellosis recognized
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They are recognized more commonly in summer and autumn
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Which is the reservoir for Legionellosis
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It is primarily aqueous Hot water systems Air conditioning cooling towers evaporative condensers humidifiers whirlpool spas respiratory therapy devices decorative fountains hot and cold water taps and showers hot tubs creeks and ponds and the soil from their banks
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Which is the mode of transmission of Legionellosis
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Epidemiologic evidence supports airborne transmission
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Which is the incubation period of Legionellosis
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Range 2-10 days average 5-6 days
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Which is the susceptibility and resistance of Legionellosis
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Illness occurs most frequent with increasing age Outbreaks have occurred in hospitalized patients
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Which are the preventive measures of Legionellosis
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Cooling towers drained and cleaned periodically and when not in use Avoid tap water in respiratory devices maintain hot water system more or equal to 122°F
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Which is the cotrol of patient for Legionellosis
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Report of HD Investigate contacts and source
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What is the Common Cold
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An acute catarrheal infection of the upper respiratory tract
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How long does Common Cold last and characterize by
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It last 2-7 days characterized by coryza sneezing lacrimation irritated nasopharynx chilliness malaise
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What is uncommon with Common Cold
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Fever is uncommon in children over
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What can accompany the Common Cold
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laryngitis tracheitis bronchitis
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What serious complication can Common Cold predispose
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Sinusitis Otitis media
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Which are the infectious agents for Common cold
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Rhinoviruses ( major known ) Coronaviruses (10-15% Influenza
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Which are the infants infectious agents for Common Cold
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Parainfluenzavirus RSV Influenza virus Adenovirus
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Which is the occurrence for Common cold
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In template zonas, incidence rises in fall, winter and spring In tropical setting, incidence is highest in the rainy season Incidence is highest in children under 5 yrs and gradually declines with increasing age
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Which is the mode of transmission of Common cold
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Direct contact Inhalation of airborne droplets
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Which is the incubation period of Common cold
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12hrs to 5 days usually 48hrs
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Which is the period of communicability of the Common cold
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Nasal washing taken 24 hrs before onset and for 5days after onset
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Which is the preventive measures of Common cold
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educate public in personal hygiene avoid crowed living space immunize with oral live adenovirus
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Which is the control of patient measures of Common cold
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report to HD Isolation disinfection of soiled articles investigation of contacts
