Epidemiology Chapter 1-2 – Flashcards
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analytic epidemiology
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examines causal(etiologic) hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions
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descriptive epidemiology
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refers to epidemiologic studies concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and diseases within a population
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determinants
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any factor that brings about change in health condition or other defined characteristic
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distribution
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the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in population, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
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epidemic
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the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
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pandemic
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an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people
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epidemiologic transition
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describes a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
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epidemiology
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concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
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exposure
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related to determinants; which pertain either contact with a disease-causing factor or to the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals
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morbidity
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illnesses due to a specific disease or health condition
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mortality
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death (from various causes)
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natural experiments
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naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed causal factor in a situation resembling an actual experiment, where human subjects would be randomly allocated to groups
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observational science
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epidemiology, capitalizes upon naturally occurring situation in order to study the occurrence of disease
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outcome
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all the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor
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population
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all the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together
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prevention of disease
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??
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quantification
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counting the cases of illness or other health outcomes
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risk
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the probability that an event will occur
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risk assessment
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methodology used to provide quantitive measurements of risk to health
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risk factor
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an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome
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hippocrates
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suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors. wrote 'On Airs, Waters, Places'
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black death
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of great significance for epidemiology thought to be caused by a bacterial infection of Yersinia pestis transmitted via flea bites, claimed up to 1/3 of Europe's population characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, appearance of black splotches on the skin
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paracelsus
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one of the founders of the field of toxicology his contributions include: the dose-response relationship and the notion of target organ specificity of chemicals
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john graunt
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published 'Natural and Political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the bills of mortality first to employ quantitative methods known as Colombus of Statistics
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ramazzini
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regarded as founder of the field of occupational medicine authored Delyorbis Artificum Diatriba(Diseases of Workers)
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percival pott
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thought to be the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer observed that chimney sweeps had high incidence of scrotal cancer
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edward jenner
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developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796
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john snow
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an English anesthesiologist who innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today believed that chloera was transmitted by contaminated water and was able to demonstrate this association
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william farr
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appointed "compiler of Abstracts" in England developed a more sophisticated system for codyfying medical conditions examined possible linkage between mortality rates and population density
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robert koch
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a german physician his postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease
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spanish flu
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pandemic influenza, killed 50-100 million people globally estimates suggest that 1/3 of the worlds population became infected and developed clinically observable illness
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penicillin
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alexander fleming discovered the anti-microbial properties of the mold antibiotic became available toward the end of WWII
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Framingham study
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investigates risk factors for coronary heart disease
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epidemic intelligence service
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part of the CDC; a commissioned officer
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smoking and health
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publication of U.S. Surgeon General's report ______ identified deleterious effects of smoking upon health. linked smoking with cancer
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tuskegee
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syphilis investigation. purpose was to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment prgrams or blacks 600 AA men participated, 399 syphilis cases and 201 controls never gave informed consent despite discovery of penicillin, men were never offered treatment(ethical breech) class action suit filed in 1973
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uses/applications/ contributions of epidemiology
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historical community health health services risk assessment disease causality
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focus of epidemiology
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on the occurrence of health and disease in the population
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primary secondary tertiary
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before the disease occurs during the progression of the disease during later stages of disease
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epidemiology as an interdisciplinary science
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it uses information from many fields including math and biostat history sociology demography and geography behavioral sciences cohort
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koch's postulates
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the organism must be observed in every case of the disease it must be isolated and grown in pure culture the pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease the organism must be observed in and recovered from the experimental animal
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ethics in research
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norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior promotes the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error promotes values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness helps to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public helps build public support for research promotes a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety
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bar chart
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type of graph that shows the frequency of cases for categories of a categorical(discrete) variable such as a yes/no variable....separated by space
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continuous variable
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a variable that could have an infinite number of values along a continuum
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discrete variable
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only has one value
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histogram
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type of graph that is used for continuous variables and the bars are together
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line graph
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used to display trends
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pie chart
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a circle that shows the proportion of cases according to several categories...shows percentages
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ratio
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the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another
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rate
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type of ratio where the denominator involves a measure of time
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proportion
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type of ration in which the numerator is part of the denominator
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percentage
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proportion that has been multiplied by 100
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incidence
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refers to the occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation in a specified population
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population at risk
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the members of the population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied
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prevalence
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the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time
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point prevalence
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all cases of a disease, health condition, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived
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period prevalence
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all cases of a disease within a period of time
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lifetime prevalence
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cases diagnoses at any time during the person's lifetime
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crude rate
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a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as the demographic makeup of the population that may affect the observed rate. includes a time period during which an event occurred
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reference population
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the population from which cases of a disease have been taken
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case fatality rate
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the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease
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cause specific rates
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a measure that refers to mortality divided by population
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age specific rates
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number of cases per age group of population during a specified time period
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sex specific rates
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frequency of disease in a gender group divided by total number of persons with in that gender group
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adjusted rates
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a rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by removing the effect of differences in composition of various populations
