Epidemiology 1/20 – Flashcards
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Two types of epidemiology
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descriptive analytic
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Descriptive epidemiology
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description of ability to observe things out of the ordinary, ability to note
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Analytic epidemiology
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application of epidemiological
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Primary prevention
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stop disease before it starts
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Secondary prevention
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-keep it from getting worse when already have it -modifies the extent or severity of a disease by early detection and prompt treatment
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Tertiary prevention
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-majority of money goes to this (overused) -treat disease once developed (cardiac rehab) -damage control -leading cause of death -expensive
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Goal of epidemiology
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to shift to primary prevention
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Things need to be done for shift to primary prevention
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-immunization before begins to develop -less cost overtime -people need to alter behavior
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SKIT
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Stop Keep It from getting worse Treat once developed
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Examples of primary prevention
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immunization health promotion intervention
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Intervention methods (4)
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health education health promotion policies laws
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Secondary prevention stradegies
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modifies the extent or severity of a disease by early detection and prompt treatment
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1st epidemiologist
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Hippocrates -linked clean air and water to longevity
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John Graunt
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-morbidity and mortality -Bills of Mortality -calculated life tables and life expectancy tables -coined terms acute and chronic
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Founders of Modern Epidemiology (2)
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John Snow Ignaz Semmelweis
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Modern epidemiology
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-introduces hypothesis testing, analyses, explanation -system of thinking when don't have all details -application of epidemiological statistics
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John Snow
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-founder of anesthesiology -rejected Miasma theory (suggested that Cholera spread by pollution) -predicted drinking water contaminated with fecal waste -conducted "shoe-leather" epidemiology - On the Mode of Communication of Cholera
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Shoe-leather epidemiology
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walking door to door to inquire information
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B.F. Skinner
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-observation of lower organisms -most influential method in behavior change
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Picture
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Death angel and water pump
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Robert Koch
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german bacteriologist isolated vibrio cholera nobel prize for mode of transmission of vibrio cholera
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Koon and Popper beliefs on epidemiology
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Koon: science advances when old dies, not with new info Popper: we are obligated to attack problem at heart
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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-improved hospital hygeine -maternity ward at General Hospital in Vienna -Puerpal (childbirth) fever killed 50% mothers
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Semmelweis hypothesis, test and result
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-Hypothesis: students did not wask hads after working with patients and cadavers -Test: soak hands in chlorinated lime solution -Result: decreased from 120/1,000 to 12/1,000 in 7 months
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Typhoid Mary
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Mary Mallon -infected with salmonella typhi -lead to strict laws for food handlers corenteined -20% typhoid carriers suffer no disease
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1639
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Mass and Plymouth Colonies mandated use of vital states
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1701
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Mass passed legislation isolating smallpox patients
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1842
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Henry W. Rumsey "Essays on State Medicine" -health promotion and disease prevention
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1850
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Shattuck "Massachusetts Sanitary commission" -state and local health departments -collection of vital stats -sanitation inspection -school health programs -controlling mental illness
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1869 and 1870
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Mass and CA 1st board of health established - inspection of housing -public education and hygiene -investigation of diseases -regulate slaughter houses -monitor prisons -healthcare for poor
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Public health act 1848
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England and Wales Response to cholera epidemic
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Florence Nightengail
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major contributions to statistics crops in quadrants to determine which grew best
