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periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence, interval, or frequency of a health related state or event

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Seasonal trends represents:

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the long-term change in a health-related state or event

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Secular trends represent:

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Secular Trends

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What concept is best reflected in gradual changes in frequency of diseases over long periods of time?

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patterns that are often predictable but not necessarily seasonal

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Cyclic Trends are:

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Place, Time, and Person

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Descriptive epidemiology emphasizes how health outcomes are distributed by:

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Who? Where? What? When?

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Descriptive Epidemiology aims to answer the following epidemiologic questions:

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Person

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A cross-sectional study is done in South Carolina to determine a mother's age at the time of her first child's birth. Researchers collect the following data regarding the infants: weight at birth, length at birth, race/ethnicity, and gender. They also collect the following data regarding the mothers: age, race/ethnicity, educational level, and income-to-poverty ratio. What type of variable do the collected data represent?

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Religion BMI Income Age

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Which of the following are person variables?

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Season

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What would be a time variable characteristic?

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Neighborhoods

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In epidemiology, 'Place' variables include:

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Education

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Socioeconomic status (SES) is often formulated a s composite measure of several person variables. What is a variable that often makes up SES?

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Concentration of racial/ethnic groups in particular areas Genetic and environmental interactions Influence of climate

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What reason might account for place variation in disease?

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Monitoring health related states or events over time Monitoring potential exposures over time Understanding where and when the health problem is the greatest

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What are some activities of descriptive epidemiology?

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Evaluating health services Conducting additional research Targeting interventions

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Descriptive Epidemiology provides information for:

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Exposure

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Another word for determinant (used in the definition of epidemiology) is:

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An Endemic

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A recent study found that the prevalence rate of persons living with HIV in South Africa is 19.1%. This rate has held steady over many years. for this country, this high prevalence rate of HIV is considered to be:

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Outbreak

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In a given population, there are usually 20-25 new cases per week; last week, 35 cases were documented. What term best describes the pattern of occurrence of this disease?

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Agent, host, environment

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An epidemiological triangle refers to:

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virulence

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________ refers to the severity of an infectious disease (ex: it is fatal in a large number of cases)?

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Direct transmission

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Sexually transmitted diseases are spread using what mode of transportation?

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Passive ; Active

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A newborn infant obtains ________ immunity from its mother, whereas a vaccine given to a child or adult is a form of _________ immunity

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Point Epidemic

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Measles is a highly contagious and preventable disease that has been eradicated in the US. Therefore, is an outbreak were to occur in this country, it would be considered a:

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Income Educational Level Occupation

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Socioeconomic status is often formulated from Three components into a composite measure for use in descriptive studies. What are those 3 components?

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Case Report

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When the Ebola outbreak began in the US in 2014, what type of descriptive epidemiologic study was used INITIALLY to describe those who developed the disease?

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Rate of TB by month

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Which of the following statements best describes a cyclic trend?

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(Male Births) / (Female + Male Births)

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Which of the following terms is best expressed as a proportion (as distinguished from a ratio?)

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Prevalence Data

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______ are effective for estimating the frequency of exposure

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they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition

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The major disadvantage of crude rates is that:

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Improvement in diagnostic testing ; high case-fatality

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The prevalence rate is increased by ______ and decreased by ______

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The incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease during that time period

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The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:

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Time

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A rate is a measure with an element of ______ in the denominator

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Adjusting enables fair comparisons across populations

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What is one main advantage of calculating an adjusted rate?

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(A/B) x 100

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According to a national survey of asthma: - on May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who have been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A - The population on June 30,2010, was B - During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C The point prevalence of asthma (percent) would be expressed as:

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Age-specific incidence rate

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If you are interested in knowing the risk of lung cancer among the age group 35-45, which of the following rates should you calculate?

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Health risk behaviors Preventative health practices Health care access

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BRFSS was established by the CDC in 1984 and its primary purpose is to collect information on ________ related to chronic disease and injury.

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ensure that all persons with a responsibility to report understand the requirements and reasons for reporting and how reports will be used

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A state health department decides to strengthen its notifiable disease reporting. the best action to take is to:

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True increase in number of cases Change in disease reporting procedure Change in awareness of the disease

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Increase in the number of persons with a specific disease may be due to a:

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TRUE

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Vital statistics provide an archive of certain health data. These data do not become surveillance data until they are analyzed, interpreted, and disseminated with the intent of influencing public health decision-making or action.

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FALSE

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Underreporting is not a problem for detecting outbreaks of notifiable diseases because the proportion of cases reported tends to remain relatively stable over time

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Public Health surveillance

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The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:

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Incidence or number of new cases of the problem Social and economic impact of the problem Public concern about the problem

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Criteria for prioritizing health problems for surveillance include:

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Setting priorities for health services Describing the history of the health of populations Risk assessment

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What are generally considered the principles uses of epidemiology?

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Herd immunity

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The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as:

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John Snow

answer

The English anesthesiologist who linked cholera outbreaks to contaminated water and innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today was:

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Edward Jenner

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A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by:

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Pandemic

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The spreading of disease beyond what is normal that affects multiple countries and a large number of people is called a:

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Epidemic

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______ is the occurrence, in a community or region, of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectation

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the severity of the disease produced

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Virulence is defined as:

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Endemic

answer

A recent study found that Swaziland has the highest prevalence rate of persons living with HIV in the world at 27.4%. This rate has held steady over many years. For this country, this high prevalence rate of HIV is considered to be an:

question

Infectivity

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______ is the capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and produce infection or disease

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Active immunity

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Natural infection by a microbial agent that results in host immunity is called:

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An epidemiologic transition

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The shift from infectious disease to chronic diseases since the 1900s among populations living in developing countries is known as:

question

Better control of infectious disease Fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke

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What are some important achievements in public health in the 20th century?

question

TRUE

answer

Seasonal Flu shots act as a form of active immunity.

question

a demographic transition

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The shift from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates is known as:

question

To control the distribution of disease To predict the occurrence of disease To describe the health status of the population To explain the etiology of disease

answer

What are the aims of epidemiology?

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Determinant

answer

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition is classified as a ________

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Demographic characteristics Date and place of death Cause of death

answer

Death certificate data in the United States include:

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Census

answer

Data from this source is collected every 10 years and is often used in the denominator for crude rate calculations:

question

Registries

answer

Monitoring cancer trends in the US population over time is a major application of:

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HIV/AIDS

answer

What disease is found in the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System?

question

It often contains missing cases and false positives

answer

What is a limitation to using surveillance data?

question

Syndromic surveillance

answer

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is called:

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