EOH 101 midterm – Flashcards
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According to Healthy People 2010, the social environment includes:
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Housing, transportation, urban development Work-related stress, injury, and violence
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Which of the following outcomes is not usually associated with world population growth?
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Prosperity
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The environment plays a role in human health through associations with
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a. Acute conditions b. Allergic responses c. Disability d. Chronic disease
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4. The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is:
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b. 25% to 33%
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5. Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? Choose the incorrect answer.
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d. They spend more time indoors.
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6. Reasons for the potential spread of avian influenza include:
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a. Intensive animal husbandry practices
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7. Indentify the incorrect statement: The 2009 swine flu outbreak
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a. Was caused by the H5N1 virus
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8. Environmental risk transition is most likely to be characterized by:
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d. Control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems
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9. Currently, the number of years required for the world's population to double is approximately:
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43 years
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10. In 2050, the world's three most populous countries will be
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d. India, China, United States
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the natural population replacement fertility rate in the U.S. is estimated to be:
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a. 2.1 births per woman
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12. The epidemiologic risk transition is characterized by a
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b. Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases
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13. Stage 1 of the demographic transition demonstrates
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b. Fertility and mortality rates are high
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14. Stage 2 of the demographic transition demonstrates
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a. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates
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15. Stage 3 of the demographic transition demonstrates
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c. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions
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16. The effects of rapid growth of the world's population include
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a. Urbanization b. Overtaxing carrying capacity c. Food insecurity d. Loss of biodiversity
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17. Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by
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a. Physical factors b. Biological factors c. Social factors d. Psychosocial factors
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18. The author of the First Essay on Population was
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c. Thomas Malthus
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20. The author of On Airs, Waters, and Places was
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c. Hippocrates
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21. On Airs, Waters, and Places was significant because it:
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d. Emphasized the role of the environment in people's health
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22. Lemuel Shattuck's proposals set forth in the Report of the Sanitary Conditions of Massachusetts:
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a. Argued for the creation of state health departments b. Described how environmental sanitation affected health c. Were extremely innovative for their time d. Ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use
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23. Affluent Romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning from lead pipes used to carry the water supply.
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true
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chlolera outbreaks occurred in New York City during the mid-1800s
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true
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The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include:
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Concern with populations Use of observational data Methodology for study designs Descriptive and analytic studies
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The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates
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One cause of spurious or chance clustering
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environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle?
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Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment.
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John Snow, in Snow on Cholera:
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Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments
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Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...:
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Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
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Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?
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Study of cancer occurrence in populations
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Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases
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Hippocrates
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The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by
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The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
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Prevalence measures aid in
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Assessing variations in disease occurrenceThe development of hypotheses Describing the scope of health problems
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Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as
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The population at risk
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Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include:
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Experimental studies
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Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing
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Cohort studies
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Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies?
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b. They are a type of longitudinal design
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The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by
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d. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
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17. Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?
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Subjects are classified according to their exposure They are a type of longitudinal design. c. They may be either prospective or retrospective. d. The measure of association is called relative risk.
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19. Hill's criteria of causality include
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a. Strength b. Consistency c. Temporality d. Biological gradient
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20. The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that:
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a. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult. b. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence. c. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. d. The effects of exposures are often non-specific.
