ENVSTD-121 Exam 2 – Flashcards

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The human population is approximately?
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7 billion
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During the period _______ the worlds population more that doubled.
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1950-2000
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Which of the following best describes the human population from early to present?
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Early rapid growth which has leveled out to a steady rate over the last 20 years.
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A graph of the world population growth will resemble which letter?
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J
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If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate is ____.
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1.5%
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_____ is the world's most populous nation, home to _____ of the people in the world.
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China, 1/5
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Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?
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A One-Child Policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth
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Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations?
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Vietnam
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Replacement fertility ________.
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Is equal to 2.1 in stable populations
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The 1994 Cairo, Egypt, conference was organized ________.
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To urge governments to better address social issues such as poverty and disease as potential sources of population problems
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Diminishing population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________.
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The education of women
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Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________.
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Lower TFR
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The term demographic transition refers to ________.
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The decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
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Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage.
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Transitional
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Areas with the least dense human populations are in ________.
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Desert, tundra, and rainforest
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Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate?
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Pakistan
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Of the following factors, ________ drives TFR down.
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social and economic security
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The transitional stage in Frank Notestein's demographic model is initiated by ________.
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industrialization
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The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.
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80
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If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050.
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9
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The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since.
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1960's
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A country with ________ is not expected to grow quickly in the near future.
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high female employment and literacy
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In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________.
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consumption should increase
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In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________.
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stage 2, the transitional stage
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Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.
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developing countries
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A population in the post-industrial stage would be expected to have ________.
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birth and death rates at low stable levels
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The world population growth rate is currently close to ________%.
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1.2%
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IPAT stands for ________.
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Impact, Population, Affluence, Technology
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According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.
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increases environmental impact
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The most serious problem caused by population growth is ________.
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increasing demand for resources
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The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________.
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is not a problem because disease will limit population size
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The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.
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the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures
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The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________.
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increasing and unsustainable
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Malthus was responsible for ________.
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the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war
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A country exhibiting a stable population that is neither growing nor shrinking likely has a TFR of around ________.
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2.1
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Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (85%) is ________.
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China
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Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.
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Soap Operas
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Monoculture ________.
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is an agricultural practice of growing large stands of a single species
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Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________.
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Hunting and gathering
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In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths (Cactoblastis cactorum) ________.
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effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland
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Recombinant DNA ________.
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is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides
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What is true about GM crops?
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The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
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Raising ________ requires the most land and water.
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Beef cattle
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Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming ________.
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decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming
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Of the following, ________ requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein.
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Chicken
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Humus is ________.
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composed of organic matter and is necessary to fertility and holding soil moisture
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Which of the following is true?
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World grain production has tripled since 1985.
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Industrial agriculture ________.
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increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area
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Green Revolution techniques ________.
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focus on sustainability
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________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.
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90; 15
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Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide.
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Fourfold
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Of the following, ________ best describes integrated pest management (IPM).
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biocontrol measures, crop rotation, and habitat diversification
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Relative to sustainable agriculture, insects' roles are as ________.
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essential pollinators and predators
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We lose 5 to 7 million ha of productive cropland per year to ________.
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erosion, over-irrigation, and overgrazing
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Aquaculture ________.
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can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions
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Organic farming ________.
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began in the 1960s
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Monoculture, the practice of planting large areas with a single crop ________.
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is a development of industrial agriculture
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Seed banks (institutions that store and preserve seeds) are important for ________.
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protecting genetic diversity
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It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________.
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plant-based foods
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During the past half-century, global food production has ________ world population growth.
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grown at a faster rate than
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Factors involved in soil formation are ________.
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weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, tree roots
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The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.
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affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing
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Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________.
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high-yield wheat
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Leaching ________.
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removes water-soluble nutrients from soils
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The O horizon of soils consists of ________.
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mostly organic material
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The loss of more than 10% productivity in an arid area due to erosion, soil compaction, deforestation or overgrazing is ________.
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desertification
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Terracing, contour farming, intercropping, and crop rotation all ________.
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are techniques for conserving soil resources and fertility
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No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.
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with steeply sloped fields
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The Conservation Reserve Program pays farmers to ________.
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stop cultivating highly erodible land
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The consequences of over-fertilizing include ________.
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eutrophication and dead zones in nearby aquatic ecosystems
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To make organic fertilizer by composting, you do not include ________.
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shredded plastic and metals, waste from animal butchering
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Over-irrigation can result in ________.
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soil salinization and waterlogging
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Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the environmental problems associated with ________.
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pesticide toxicity
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________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer.
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Carcinogens
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________ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects.
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Teratogens
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Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ________.
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there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease
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Toxicants that interrupt essential biochemical processes in organisms by blocking one or steps in important biochemical reactions are known as ________.
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pathway inhibitors
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A naturally occurring substance that seeps up from the ground and that is potentially toxic to people is ________.
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Radon gas
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PCB contamination of the environment ________.
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is a continuing problem because PCBs are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment
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Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include ________.
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allergens
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The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ________.
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focused on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on humans
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Bisphenol A is ________.
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an estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing
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Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called pesticide ________.
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drift
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Pesticides in the United States are registered through the ________.
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EPA
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The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates ________.
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industrial chemicals
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The European Union's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of chemicals) program ________.
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shifts the burden of testing chemical safety from government to industry
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Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of water pollution because ________.
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most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption
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DDT, DDE, PCBs, and PBDEs are all ________.
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non-biodegradable and subject to bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification
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________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a) short persistence time(s).
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Bt
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Suppose that the concentration of DDT in a lake is 0.0000003 ppm (parts per million) and the concentration of DDT in the tissues of an osprey (a fish-eating bird) is 25 ppm. This is an example of ________.
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biomagnification
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The bald eagle, osprey, and peregrine falcon all are ________.
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top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT
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Of the chemicals that fall under the TSCA ________% have been tested for toxicity and ________ have been tested for endocrine, nervous, or immune system damage.
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10; almost none
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The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to ________.
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end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous
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According to the Precautionary Principle we should ________.
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restrict any chemical that is suspected of toxicity until it is proven safe
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Louis Guillette is most famous for his studies ________.
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describing reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators Florida lakes
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Tyrone Hayes is most famous for his studies ________.
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on gonadal abnormalities in frogs
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Infectious disease accounts for ________% of deaths globally.
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nearly 25
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Infectious diseases are a much greater problem in developing countries than in developed nations. In developing countries, such diseases account for nearly half of all deaths. This is because ________.
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developing countries generally lack many of the health and medical services found in developed countries
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Synergistic effects of toxicants that are mixed together ________.
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often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects)
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The effect of toxicants on fetuses and young children ________.
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is greater because of their developmental immaturity, rapid growth and smaller biomass
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Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except ________.
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lung cancer
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Natural occurring biological hazards to people are ________.
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crude oil seeps and radon gas
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An organism, such as a mosquito, that transmits a disease-causing organism to a host is called a ________.
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Vector
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Acute exposure to an environmental toxin ________.
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are high exposures over short times and associated with a specific cause
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Properties of toxicants likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation are ________.
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non-biodegradable, lipid-soluble
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Some indoor chemical hazard(s) are ________.
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Radon and asbestos
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Environmental policy aims to ________.
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promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
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The primary role of the United Nations is to ________.
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cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems
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Legislation passed by Congress is known as ________.
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statutory law
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Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. statutory law is given to ________.
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administrative agencies
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An environmental impact statement is required ________.
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to be put to voters on every local ballot if federal action may affect local environments
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The World Bank ________.
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is a major source of funds for global economic development
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"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This view is consistent with ________ economics.
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environmental
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9) The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.
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reducing pollution caused by industry
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Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists.
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external costs
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The first national park in the world was ________.
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Yellowstone National Park
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Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________.
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warned of insect pollinator losses through pesticide use
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________.
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required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
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To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________.
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Command and Control
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The ________ drives the move to the suburbs from cities.
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desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions
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The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________.
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that they spread environmental impact over a larger area
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All of the following factors have contributed to movement of people to suburbs except ________.
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greater availability of mass transit
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Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.
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an expanded bus system, affordable to all, can solve a large city's traffic congestion
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Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.
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passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's
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Then, in 2010, Metro Portland made a historic agreement between landowners and citizens which ________.
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included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed
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