Test Answers on Environmental Health Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards (choose the incorrect answer)
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they spend more time indoors
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reasons for the potential spread of anvian influenze include
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intensive animal husbandry practices
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Identify the incorrect statement: the 2009 swine flu outbreak
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spread thourght north america to other parts of the globe
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environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by
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all of the above Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors
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True or false cholera outbreaks occurred in New York CIty during the mid 1800s
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true
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the estimated global burden of disease linked to environmental health
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25-33 percent
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when used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites
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they react with other substances to form carcinogens
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risk management refers to the question of
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none of the above
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the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by
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all of the above route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity
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of the following routes of exposure which one has the most rapid effect
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intravenous
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cohort study is to risk ratio as
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case control odds ratio
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those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease of condition are known as
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the population at risk
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the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by
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the incidence rate for that given period
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identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases
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hippocrates
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which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)
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study of cancer occurence in populations
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environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic traingle) what stateent belows is true about the triangle?
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all of the above agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent
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Worm
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T. spiralis
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Bacterium
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C. jejuni
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Prion
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BSE
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What was healthy people 2010 goal number 8
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"to promote health for all through a healthy environment"
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what were the goals objectives?
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outdoor air quality, water quality, toxics and wastes, healthy homes and healthy communities, infrastructure and surveillance, global environmental health
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what are some environmental health threats
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trash that fouls beaches, hazardous wastes from disposal sites, air pollution, exposures to toxis chemicals, deforestation
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the 3 P's
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pollution, population, poverty
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pollution
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combustion of fossil fuels that disperse green house gases into atmosphere may cause global warming and change in distribution of insect vectors
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population
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overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the humman population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet
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avain influenza
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outbreaks on poltury fars in Asia. Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human to human transsmission and resulting in a pandemic
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Swine flue
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spread through North America to other poarts of the globe. WHO declared a pandemic, was concern that a large porportion of the population might be suseptble to infection
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Poverty
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linked to population growth. on of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes
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What chronic diseases does environmental health contribute to
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cancer (cervical, prostate, and breast)
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Environmental Risk Transition
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changes in envirionmental risks that happen as as consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world. before transition occurs there is a poor quality of food, air, water
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What are some environmental problems after the transition?
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acid rain precursors, ozone-depleting chemicals, green house gases
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population growth
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increasing at expotential rate, threatens to overwhelm available resources, periodic food scarcity and famine in certain areas
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causes of population growth
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increases in fertility, reductions in mortality, migration
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three stages of demographic transitions
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1: population mostly young and fertility andm ortality rates are high. population remains small 2: mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high. rapid increase in population, usually in young age groups 3: fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex
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4 consequences of population increases
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urbanization, overtaxing carrying capacity, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity
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urbanization
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worldwide the proportion of urban residents has increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 projected 66% by 2030
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factors that lead to urbanization
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industrialization, food availability, employement opportunities, lifestyle considerations, escape from political conflict
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what is carrying capacity
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the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration
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define environment
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the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival
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define ecosystem
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dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communityies and nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit
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Hippocrates and Environmental Health
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emphasized the role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status in On Airs, Waters, and Places
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exposure dose
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the amount of a substance encountered in the environment
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external dose
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a dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources
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absorbed dose
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the amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body
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interal does
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the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body through ingestion, absorption
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what is red tide
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a bloom of Karenia brevis, a dinoflagellate. produces brevetoxin
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point of prevelance
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all cases of death from disease/condition at a particular point in time within the population
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incidence rate
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rate formed by dividing number of new cases by individuals in population at risk over a period of time
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case fatality rate
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nuber of deaths due to a specific disease divided by number of cases of disease in the same time x 100
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who was the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer
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sir percival pott, chimney sweep and prostate cancer
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who discovered the source of a cholera outbreak of 1849
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John Snow
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criteria of causality
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a centra concern of evnironmental epidemiology is to be able to assert that a causal association exists between an agent factor and a disease in the host
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what are Hills criteria of causality
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strength, consitency, specifity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence
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case series study
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Pts who share a disease in common is gathered over time
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ecological study
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a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of ppl
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cross-sectional study
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examines the relationship between diseases as they exist in defined populations at a specific time
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case-control study
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cases have disease, controls to do not. compare/contrast
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odds ratio
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measure of association between exposure and outcome, only in case-control studies
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cohort study
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classifies subjects according to exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them overtime, document new cases
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relative risk
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ratio of the incidence rate of a disease/outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate in a non-exposed group, only in cohort studies
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what are limitations in detecting disease
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long and variable latency periods between exposure and disease diagnosis, etiologic nonspecificty of disease clinical features, small population size coupled with low disease frequency, observer bias
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limitations in measuring exposure
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dependence on indirect, surrogate estimates of exposure and dose. uncertainty regarding pathways of exposure, probable low-dose levels in most settings, frequent inability to develop useful dose-response data
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characteristics of environmental epidemiology
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deals with nondisease effects, invovles numerour variables, tends to be community specific
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weakness of environmental epidemiology
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sample size, important variables "uncontrolled" exposure estimation invalid
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strengths of environmental epidemiology
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engages the real world, unique perspective on disease/health, basis for action despite ignorance of mechanism
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is food poisoning correct
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no, it is foodbourne diseases and infections
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has foudbourne illness increased in industrialized nations
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yes
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what contributes to increase in foodbourne illness
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changees in agricultural and food processing methods, globalization of food distribution, social and behavioral changes among the human population
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how many people does foodbourne illness affect each year
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one qaurter of the population, 9,000 deaths, costs 5 billion annually
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what is FoodNet
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CDC foodbourbe diseases active surveillance network. an active system whereby public health officials maintain frequent direct contact with clinical laboratory directors to identify new cases of foodbourne illnesses
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4 major categories of food hazards
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biological, physical, chemical, nutritional (excessive of deficient amounts)
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Salmonellosis
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one of the most frequent types, 2-4 million cases are estimated, 500 deaths annually. occur in animal resviors. fodo we eat but also cats, dogs and turtles can be carriers. transfered from raw meat, animal feces, contaiminated water and soil
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E. coli
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causes hemorrahgic colitis, 73,000 cases and 61 deaths yearly, major outbreaks in restaurant chains
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Trichinosis
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eating raw meat that contains a nematode Trinchinella
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tapeworms
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organiss may induve human illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked infected beef or pork
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Viral Hepatitis A
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fruits, sandwiches w/ cold cuts, dairy products, veggies, and shellfish. common mode of is infected workers in food processing plants and restaurants
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norovirus
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transmitted easily within closed environments such as cruise ships. symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration
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Prions
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bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease
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toxins
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naturally occuring toxins such as those from seafood and mushrooms maybe associated with foodbourne illness ex: ciguatoxin, scombroid toxin, paralytic shllfish poison, pufferfish toxin
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heavy metls
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when present in high concentration, can cause vomitting that occurs few minutes to several hours after ingestion
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sourcces of heavy metals
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candy wrappers from mexica, chicknem may contain high levels of arsenic
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approved antimicrobials given to animals
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amoxicilli, penicillin, bacitracin, erthromycin
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intention (direct) additives
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added to foods in order to improve their quality
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incidental (indirect) additives
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maybe present in foods as a result of unintentional contamination during packaging, storage, and handling
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Malicious additives
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include substances such as poisons that saboteurs introduce into foods for various reasons
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Food and Drug Administration
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US agency charged with regulation and enforcement of food safet
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US departmetn of agriculture
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regulate the safety of meat and poultry products
