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Test Answers on Environmental Health Exam 1 – Flashcards

Sarah Taylor

8 July 2022

question

Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards (choose the incorrect answer)

answer

they spend more time indoors

question

reasons for the potential spread of anvian influenze include

answer

intensive animal husbandry practices

question

Identify the incorrect statement: the 2009 swine flu outbreak

answer

spread thourght north america to other parts of the globe

question

environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by

answer

all of the above Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors

question

True or false cholera outbreaks occurred in New York CIty during the mid 1800s

answer

true

question

the estimated global burden of disease linked to environmental health

answer

25-33 percent

question

when used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites

answer

they react with other substances to form carcinogens

question

risk management refers to the question of

answer

none of the above

question

the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

answer

all of the above route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity

question

of the following routes of exposure which one has the most rapid effect

answer

intravenous

question

cohort study is to risk ratio as

answer

case control odds ratio

question

those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease of condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by

answer

the incidence rate for that given period

question

identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

answer

hippocrates

question

which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)

answer

study of cancer occurence in populations

question

environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic traingle) what stateent belows is true about the triangle?

answer

all of the above agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent

question

Worm

answer

T. spiralis

question

Bacterium

answer

C. jejuni

question

Prion

answer

BSE

question

What was healthy people 2010 goal number 8

answer

"to promote health for all through a healthy environment"

question

what were the goals objectives?

answer

outdoor air quality, water quality, toxics and wastes, healthy homes and healthy communities, infrastructure and surveillance, global environmental health

question

what are some environmental health threats

answer

trash that fouls beaches, hazardous wastes from disposal sites, air pollution, exposures to toxis chemicals, deforestation

question

the 3 P's

answer

pollution, population, poverty

question

pollution

answer

combustion of fossil fuels that disperse green house gases into atmosphere may cause global warming and change in distribution of insect vectors

question

population

answer

overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the humman population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet

question

avain influenza

answer

outbreaks on poltury fars in Asia. Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human to human transsmission and resulting in a pandemic

question

Swine flue

answer

spread through North America to other poarts of the globe. WHO declared a pandemic, was concern that a large porportion of the population might be suseptble to infection

question

Poverty

answer

linked to population growth. on of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes

question

What chronic diseases does environmental health contribute to

answer

cancer (cervical, prostate, and breast)

question

Environmental Risk Transition

answer

changes in envirionmental risks that happen as as consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world. before transition occurs there is a poor quality of food, air, water

question

What are some environmental problems after the transition?

answer

acid rain precursors, ozone-depleting chemicals, green house gases

question

population growth

answer

increasing at expotential rate, threatens to overwhelm available resources, periodic food scarcity and famine in certain areas

question

causes of population growth

answer

increases in fertility, reductions in mortality, migration

question

three stages of demographic transitions

answer

1: population mostly young and fertility andm ortality rates are high. population remains small 2: mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high. rapid increase in population, usually in young age groups 3: fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex

question

4 consequences of population increases

answer

urbanization, overtaxing carrying capacity, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity

question

urbanization

answer

worldwide the proportion of urban residents has increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 projected 66% by 2030

question

factors that lead to urbanization

answer

industrialization, food availability, employement opportunities, lifestyle considerations, escape from political conflict

question

what is carrying capacity

answer

the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

question

define environment

answer

the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival

question

define ecosystem

answer

dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communityies and nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit

question

Hippocrates and Environmental Health

answer

emphasized the role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status in On Airs, Waters, and Places

question

exposure dose

answer

the amount of a substance encountered in the environment

question

external dose

answer

a dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

question

absorbed dose

answer

the amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body

question

interal does

answer

the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body through ingestion, absorption

question

what is red tide

answer

a bloom of Karenia brevis, a dinoflagellate. produces brevetoxin

question

point of prevelance

answer

all cases of death from disease/condition at a particular point in time within the population

question

incidence rate

answer

rate formed by dividing number of new cases by individuals in population at risk over a period of time

question

case fatality rate

answer

nuber of deaths due to a specific disease divided by number of cases of disease in the same time x 100

question

who was the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer

answer

sir percival pott, chimney sweep and prostate cancer

question

who discovered the source of a cholera outbreak of 1849

answer

John Snow

question

criteria of causality

answer

a centra concern of evnironmental epidemiology is to be able to assert that a causal association exists between an agent factor and a disease in the host

question

what are Hills criteria of causality

answer

strength, consitency, specifity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence

question

case series study

answer

Pts who share a disease in common is gathered over time

question

ecological study

answer

a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of ppl

question

cross-sectional study

answer

examines the relationship between diseases as they exist in defined populations at a specific time

question

case-control study

answer

cases have disease, controls to do not. compare/contrast

question

odds ratio

answer

measure of association between exposure and outcome, only in case-control studies

question

cohort study

answer

classifies subjects according to exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them overtime, document new cases

question

relative risk

answer

ratio of the incidence rate of a disease/outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate in a non-exposed group, only in cohort studies

question

what are limitations in detecting disease

answer

long and variable latency periods between exposure and disease diagnosis, etiologic nonspecificty of disease clinical features, small population size coupled with low disease frequency, observer bias

question

limitations in measuring exposure

answer

dependence on indirect, surrogate estimates of exposure and dose. uncertainty regarding pathways of exposure, probable low-dose levels in most settings, frequent inability to develop useful dose-response data

question

characteristics of environmental epidemiology

answer

deals with nondisease effects, invovles numerour variables, tends to be community specific

question

weakness of environmental epidemiology

answer

sample size, important variables "uncontrolled" exposure estimation invalid

question

strengths of environmental epidemiology

answer

engages the real world, unique perspective on disease/health, basis for action despite ignorance of mechanism

question

is food poisoning correct

answer

no, it is foodbourne diseases and infections

question

has foudbourne illness increased in industrialized nations

answer

yes

question

what contributes to increase in foodbourne illness

answer

changees in agricultural and food processing methods, globalization of food distribution, social and behavioral changes among the human population

question

how many people does foodbourne illness affect each year

answer

one qaurter of the population, 9,000 deaths, costs 5 billion annually

question

what is FoodNet

answer

CDC foodbourbe diseases active surveillance network. an active system whereby public health officials maintain frequent direct contact with clinical laboratory directors to identify new cases of foodbourne illnesses

question

4 major categories of food hazards

answer

biological, physical, chemical, nutritional (excessive of deficient amounts)

question

Salmonellosis

answer

one of the most frequent types, 2-4 million cases are estimated, 500 deaths annually. occur in animal resviors. fodo we eat but also cats, dogs and turtles can be carriers. transfered from raw meat, animal feces, contaiminated water and soil

question

E. coli

answer

causes hemorrahgic colitis, 73,000 cases and 61 deaths yearly, major outbreaks in restaurant chains

question

Trichinosis

answer

eating raw meat that contains a nematode Trinchinella

question

tapeworms

answer

organiss may induve human illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked infected beef or pork

question

Viral Hepatitis A

answer

fruits, sandwiches w/ cold cuts, dairy products, veggies, and shellfish. common mode of is infected workers in food processing plants and restaurants

question

norovirus

answer

transmitted easily within closed environments such as cruise ships. symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration

question

Prions

answer

bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease

question

toxins

answer

naturally occuring toxins such as those from seafood and mushrooms maybe associated with foodbourne illness ex: ciguatoxin, scombroid toxin, paralytic shllfish poison, pufferfish toxin

question

heavy metls

answer

when present in high concentration, can cause vomitting that occurs few minutes to several hours after ingestion

question

sourcces of heavy metals

answer

candy wrappers from mexica, chicknem may contain high levels of arsenic

question

approved antimicrobials given to animals

answer

amoxicilli, penicillin, bacitracin, erthromycin

question

intention (direct) additives

answer

added to foods in order to improve their quality

question

incidental (indirect) additives

answer

maybe present in foods as a result of unintentional contamination during packaging, storage, and handling

question

Malicious additives

answer

include substances such as poisons that saboteurs introduce into foods for various reasons

question

Food and Drug Administration

answer

US agency charged with regulation and enforcement of food safet

question

US departmetn of agriculture

answer

regulate the safety of meat and poultry products

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question

Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards (choose the incorrect answer)

answer

they spend more time indoors

question

reasons for the potential spread of anvian influenze include

answer

intensive animal husbandry practices

question

Identify the incorrect statement: the 2009 swine flu outbreak

answer

spread thourght north america to other parts of the globe

question

environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by

answer

all of the above Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors

question

True or false cholera outbreaks occurred in New York CIty during the mid 1800s

answer

true

question

the estimated global burden of disease linked to environmental health

answer

25-33 percent

question

when used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites

answer

they react with other substances to form carcinogens

question

risk management refers to the question of

answer

none of the above

question

the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

answer

all of the above route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity

question

of the following routes of exposure which one has the most rapid effect

answer

intravenous

question

cohort study is to risk ratio as

answer

case control odds ratio

question

those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease of condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by

answer

the incidence rate for that given period

question

identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

answer

hippocrates

question

which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)

answer

study of cancer occurence in populations

question

environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic traingle) what stateent belows is true about the triangle?

answer

question

Worm

answer

T. spiralis

question

Bacterium

answer

C. jejuni

question

Prion

answer

BSE

question

What was healthy people 2010 goal number 8

answer

"to promote health for all through a healthy environment"

question

what were the goals objectives?

answer

outdoor air quality, water quality, toxics and wastes, healthy homes and healthy communities, infrastructure and surveillance, global environmental health

question

what are some environmental health threats

answer

trash that fouls beaches, hazardous wastes from disposal sites, air pollution, exposures to toxis chemicals, deforestation

question

the 3 P's

answer

pollution, population, poverty

question

pollution

answer

combustion of fossil fuels that disperse green house gases into atmosphere may cause global warming and change in distribution of insect vectors

question

population

answer

overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the humman population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet

question

avain influenza

answer

outbreaks on poltury fars in Asia. Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human to human transsmission and resulting in a pandemic

question

Swine flue

answer

spread through North America to other poarts of the globe. WHO declared a pandemic, was concern that a large porportion of the population might be suseptble to infection

question

Poverty

answer

linked to population growth. on of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes

question

What chronic diseases does environmental health contribute to

answer

cancer (cervical, prostate, and breast)

question

Environmental Risk Transition

answer

changes in envirionmental risks that happen as as consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world. before transition occurs there is a poor quality of food, air, water

question

What are some environmental problems after the transition?

answer

acid rain precursors, ozone-depleting chemicals, green house gases

question

population growth

answer

increasing at expotential rate, threatens to overwhelm available resources, periodic food scarcity and famine in certain areas

question

causes of population growth

answer

increases in fertility, reductions in mortality, migration

question

three stages of demographic transitions

answer

question

4 consequences of population increases

answer

urbanization, overtaxing carrying capacity, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity

question

urbanization

answer

worldwide the proportion of urban residents has increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 projected 66% by 2030

question

factors that lead to urbanization

answer

industrialization, food availability, employement opportunities, lifestyle considerations, escape from political conflict

question

what is carrying capacity

answer

the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

question

define environment

answer

the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival

question

define ecosystem

answer

dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communityies and nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit

question

Hippocrates and Environmental Health

answer

emphasized the role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status in On Airs, Waters, and Places

question

exposure dose

answer

the amount of a substance encountered in the environment

question

external dose

answer

a dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

question

absorbed dose

answer

the amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body

question

interal does

answer

the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body through ingestion, absorption

question

what is red tide

answer

a bloom of Karenia brevis, a dinoflagellate. produces brevetoxin

question

point of prevelance

answer

all cases of death from disease/condition at a particular point in time within the population

question

incidence rate

answer

rate formed by dividing number of new cases by individuals in population at risk over a period of time

question

case fatality rate

answer

nuber of deaths due to a specific disease divided by number of cases of disease in the same time x 100

question

who was the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer

answer

sir percival pott, chimney sweep and prostate cancer

question

who discovered the source of a cholera outbreak of 1849

answer

John Snow

question

criteria of causality

answer

a centra concern of evnironmental epidemiology is to be able to assert that a causal association exists between an agent factor and a disease in the host

question

what are Hills criteria of causality

answer

strength, consitency, specifity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence

question

case series study

answer

Pts who share a disease in common is gathered over time

question

ecological study

answer

a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of ppl

question

cross-sectional study

answer

examines the relationship between diseases as they exist in defined populations at a specific time

question

case-control study

answer

cases have disease, controls to do not. compare/contrast

question

odds ratio

answer

measure of association between exposure and outcome, only in case-control studies

question

cohort study

answer

classifies subjects according to exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them overtime, document new cases

question

relative risk

answer

ratio of the incidence rate of a disease/outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate in a non-exposed group, only in cohort studies

question

what are limitations in detecting disease

answer

long and variable latency periods between exposure and disease diagnosis, etiologic nonspecificty of disease clinical features, small population size coupled with low disease frequency, observer bias

question

limitations in measuring exposure

answer

question

characteristics of environmental epidemiology

answer

deals with nondisease effects, invovles numerour variables, tends to be community specific

question

weakness of environmental epidemiology

answer

sample size, important variables "uncontrolled" exposure estimation invalid

question

strengths of environmental epidemiology

answer

engages the real world, unique perspective on disease/health, basis for action despite ignorance of mechanism

question

is food poisoning correct

answer

no, it is foodbourne diseases and infections

question

has foudbourne illness increased in industrialized nations

answer

yes

question

what contributes to increase in foodbourne illness

answer

changees in agricultural and food processing methods, globalization of food distribution, social and behavioral changes among the human population

question

how many people does foodbourne illness affect each year

answer

one qaurter of the population, 9,000 deaths, costs 5 billion annually

question

what is FoodNet

answer

question

4 major categories of food hazards

answer

biological, physical, chemical, nutritional (excessive of deficient amounts)

question

Salmonellosis

answer

question

E. coli

answer

causes hemorrahgic colitis, 73,000 cases and 61 deaths yearly, major outbreaks in restaurant chains

question

Trichinosis

answer

eating raw meat that contains a nematode Trinchinella

question

tapeworms

answer

organiss may induve human illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked infected beef or pork

question

Viral Hepatitis A

answer

fruits, sandwiches w/ cold cuts, dairy products, veggies, and shellfish. common mode of is infected workers in food processing plants and restaurants

question

norovirus

answer

transmitted easily within closed environments such as cruise ships. symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration

question

Prions

answer

bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease

question

toxins

answer

naturally occuring toxins such as those from seafood and mushrooms maybe associated with foodbourne illness ex: ciguatoxin, scombroid toxin, paralytic shllfish poison, pufferfish toxin

question

heavy metls

answer

when present in high concentration, can cause vomitting that occurs few minutes to several hours after ingestion

question

sourcces of heavy metals

answer

candy wrappers from mexica, chicknem may contain high levels of arsenic

question

approved antimicrobials given to animals

answer

amoxicilli, penicillin, bacitracin, erthromycin

question

intention (direct) additives

answer

added to foods in order to improve their quality

question

incidental (indirect) additives

answer

maybe present in foods as a result of unintentional contamination during packaging, storage, and handling

question

Malicious additives

answer

include substances such as poisons that saboteurs introduce into foods for various reasons

question

Food and Drug Administration

answer

US agency charged with regulation and enforcement of food safet

question

US departmetn of agriculture

answer

regulate the safety of meat and poultry products

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