Environment Engineering – Topography Essay Example

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To fulfill Volvo's water requirement, a combination of existing wells and new springs can be used to increase the consumption of ground water. Additionally, surface water collected by dams can also be utilized. This approach ensures that all demands, including irrigation, are met while reducing ground water consumption and restoring the aquifer's water table. As a result, the quality of the collected surface water is greatly improved compared to the existing well water.

To address the water management issue and protect the environment, it is crucial to adopt a sustainable approach. The focus should be on managing water demand rather than supply due to limited water resources. Several measures are in place to regulate water consumption and promote sustainable development. For instance, implementing a new pricing policy for domestic water usage can result in a 20% decrease. Moreover, closing irrigation wells and utilizing surface water from dams instead will also be implemented. Various other measures are employed to control groundwater pumping as well.

Water quality management is the most cost-effective method compared to others, leading to an increase in groundwater levels and replenishing over-exploited aquifers. However, water management practices vary greatly between Singapore and Volvo. Singapore covers approximately 700 square miles with a population of 4.4 million people, witnessing a slight rise in population growth rate from 1980 to 2005. The government estimates that the daily clean water consumption for the population is about 1.36 billion liters per day. Taking into account climate data, the average annual rainfall amounts to mm/year.

The text indicates that Soapier is not lacking in water, but the issue in Singapore stems from the country's small size, which makes

it challenging to store rainfall effectively. However, they do import water from Malaysia at a cost of less than 1 cent per gazillion. In order to enhance water quality and improve efficiency in managing water, the Public Utilities Board was created to oversee the entire water cycle in Singapore. Furthermore, regulations were implemented by 1976 mandating proper treatment of wastewater prior to its discharge into the ocean.

Ensuring the protection of watersheds is a highly productive strategy, and it is crucial to appropriately dispose of and recycle wastewater for effective water management. Substantial funding was allocated towards building a desalination plant capable of producing millions of gallons daily. This prosperous endeavor motivated PUB to implement waste water collection, treatment, and reuse methods. Consequently, sewer connection rates have reached 100%, signifying that all wastewater undergoes comprehensive treatment utilizing advanced technology.

The water demand management in Singapore has been the most successful aspect in this case. From 1997 to 2000, there have been dedicated designed tariffs for water, which include several fees such as Water Conservation Tax (WAC), Water Borne Fee (WFM), and Sanitary Appliance Fee. The tariffs policy before 1997 determined the total price based on the water consumption per month. For consumption between block 1 to 20, the Water Conservation Tax would be zero, the tariff would be "accents per," and the Water Borne Fee would be 10.

The tariff will increase to 15% WAC per cent if the consumption ranges from 20 to 40. When water consumption goes beyond 40, the tariff will rise to 117 cents per cent. However, a new policy of tariffs has been in place since 1997, leading to a

significant increase in the tariff, WAC, and WBI. The WBI remains fixed at 15%, while exceeding a monthly consumption of 40 will result in a WAC of 25% and a tariff set at 121 cents per cent. Consequently, domestic water consumption gradually decreased between 1997 and 2004 due to these measures.

The government has taken steps to promote fairness among citizens, specifically those with low incomes. One notable measure is the provision of social financial aid for families living in small flats. This ensures that people in poverty receive extra support from the government to help them manage expensive water bills. The introduction of higher tariffs on excessive water usage is an effective strategy for managing water resources. On the other hand, commercial and industrial water consumption does not qualify for subsidies, which encourages factories to reduce their water usage and cut costs.

Effective management is crucial for the success of water companies. In many Asian companies, managers are often chosen based on political considerations rather than their professional skills, which hampers their ability to handle management issues effectively. However, Soapier serves as a global example of successful water quality management. Soapier has ensured access to clean drinking water and sanitation for everyone. Their success lies in effectively managing various factors such as water quality, supply and demand, economic considerations, and external water resources throughout the water quality management process.

In contrast, Riyadh, situated in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, underwent rapid development due to a significant increase in oil revenue in 1974. The population of the country experienced a 300% growth from 1970 to 2004. Similarly, Riyadh's population increased from 20,000 to 4.26

million by 2004. The city transformed from a small area of less than 1 into a modern city spanning approximately 1600 square units. Riyadh has a hot climate with extremely low annual rainfall averaging only mum.

The problem in this situation is that due to the rapid growth of arbitration and population, the city's infrastructure and sanitation are struggling to meet the demand. Additionally, the high cost of sanitation services is another issue. The transportation of water through pipes results in a significant leakage rate of 20%-30%, which could be greatly reduced with proper design and advanced technology. The considerable losses of waste water could also be treated and reused. Four different agencies have implemented various measures to address these challenges.

To tackle the issue of limited water resources, the agencies plan to utilize groundwater, employ desalination techniques, and reuse methods for treating wastewater. This strategy is expected to meet 35% of the increasing population's needs. It is also crucial to implement measures like water tariffs in order to reduce wastage and address concerns regarding water leakage. However, with the population continuing to grow, there will undoubtedly be a higher future demand for water.

In 2001, the Kingdom established a new Ministry to oversee water resource management. The Ministry implemented an integrated approach to safeguard water resources through various policies. These included introducing a new water tariff, imposing restrictions on well quantity and digging, and implementing regulations on well depths to protect groundwater. Additionally, the Ministry enacted several measures to ensure sustainable water sources and improve water management. They allocated 1 Smiling towards enhancing household water fixtures like taps, showers, and toilets.

Implementing these measures

has the potential to decrease indoor water waste by 25%-35%. Residential use has seen the introduction of projects like desalination plants and wastewater treatment plants. It is crucial to account for varying water demands during different time periods. Storing water becomes essential during times when less water is needed for drinking or irrigation purposes. The growing population presents a challenge for Riyadh city in meeting its needs. In this situation, managing the water supply should take precedence over managing water demand.

To enhance water supply, the focus should be on preventing leakage from neurons and treating and reusing wastewater. Groundwater can serve as a resource but needs regulation to prevent overexploitation. These measures aim to manage water supply and explore new resources with adequate financial support and supervision from relevant agencies for successful implementation of engineering projects. Managing water quality is a complex task that considers various factors, exemplified by Volvo's use of ground water resulting in decreased groundwater levels. Consensus among three municipalities involved is necessary for decision-making in Volvo's water management, posing challenges due to conflicting interests.

Soapier has focused on water resource scarcity by collecting, treating, and reusing waste water through advanced technology for the last decade. This approach aims to create new water sources and is complemented by the government's crucial role in water management. A nationwide efficiently designed water tariff is implemented, along with significant subsidies provided to low-income individuals to assist with their monthly water bills. In conclusion, this case study showcases a successful implementation of water quality management.