Env. Health Chap. 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Cohort study is to risk ratio as: A. Hippocrates is to scrotal cancer. B. Genetics is to environment. C. Case-control study is to odds ratio. D. Sir Percival Pott is to John Snow. E. None of the above
answer
Case-control study is to odds ratio.
question
During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was A. 13/97 times 100 B. 4/9 times 100 C. 9/87 times 100 D. 13/87 times 100 E. 4/87 times 100
answer
9/87 times 100
question
Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle? A. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. B. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. C. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. D. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment. E. All of the above are true.
answer
All of the above are true.
question
4. Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include A. Experimental studies B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies
answer
Experimental studies
question
5. Hill's criteria of causality include: A. Strength B. Consistency C. Temporality D. Biological gradient E. All of the above
answer
All of the above(*)
question
6. Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases: A. Sir Percival Pott B. John Snow C. Hippocrates D. KJ Rothman E. Socrates
answer
Hippocrates
question
7. John Snow, in Snow on Cholera A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
answer
Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments
question
8. Prevalence measures aid in A. Assessing variations in disease occurrence B. The development of hypotheses C. Determining the risk of disease D. Describing the scope of health problems E. A,B,D
answer
A,B,D (*)
question
9. Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
answer
Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
question
10. The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include A. Concern with populations B. Use of observational data C. Methodology for study designs D. Descriptive and analytic studies E. All of the above
answer
All of the above
question
11. The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that A. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult. B. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence. C. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. D. The effects of exposures are often non-specific. E. All of the above.
answer
All of the above.
question
12. The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by A. The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0-4 age group B. A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year C. The prevalence for that disease during the past year D. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time E. The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year
answer
The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
question
13. The Texas Sharpshooter Effect A. A new insect pest that is invading the southwest B. A description of disease according to person variables C. A description of disease according to etiologic factors D. One cause of spurious or chance clustering E. None of the above
answer
One cause of spurious or chance clustering
question
14. Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as A. Incident cases B. Prevalent cases C. The population at risk D. The immune fraction E. None of the above
answer
The population at risk
question
15. Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)? A. Description of a single individual's symptoms B. Study of cancer occurrence in populations C. Treatment of a patient with lung cancer D. Diagnosis of a disease in a single individual E. A, C, D
answer
Study of cancer occurrence in populations
question
16. Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing? A. Proportionate mortality comparisons B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies
answer
Cohort studies
question
17. Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies? A. Subjects are classified according to their exposure. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. They may be either prospective or retrospective. D. The measure of association is called relative risk. E. All of the above
answer
All of the above
question
18. Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies? A. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. The measure of association is the odds ratio. D. Exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely. E. They can examine many potential exposures.
answer
They are a type of longitudinal design.
question
Epidemiology
answer
The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
question
Environmental Epidemiology
answer
The study of disease and health conditions that occur in the population and are linked to environmental factors
question
Descriptive Epidemiology
answer
Depiction of the occurrence of disease in populations according to classifications by person, place, and time variables
question
Natural Experiments
answer
Naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed casual factor in a situation resembling an actual experiment where human subjects would be randomly allocated groups
question
Prevalence
answer
Number of existing cases of or deaths from a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time
question
Incidence
answer
The occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period or observation in a specified location
question
Case Fatality Rate
answer
The number of deaths due to a specific disease within a specified time period divided by the number of cases of that disease during the same time period (times 100)
question
Odds Ratio
answer
Measure of association between exposure and outcome used in a case-control study
question
Relative Risk
answer
Measure of association used in cohort studies, the ratio of the incidence rate of a disease or health outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease or condition in a non exposed group
question
Analytic Epidemiology
answer
Examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions
question
Natural Experiments
answer
Naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed casual factor, in a situation resembling an actual experiment
question
Sir Pervical Pott
answer
London Surgeon Thought to be the first individual to describe an environmental cause of cancer
question
John Snow
answer
Linked a cholera outbreak to contaminated water from the Thames river
question
Epidemiologic Triangle
answer
Fundamental model of causality used Three major factors; Agent, Host and Environment
question
Latency Period
answer
The time interval between initial exposure to a diseas-causing agent and the appearance of the disease in a host
