question

Chapter 9

answer

question

Greatest Impact of 20th century

answer

hybridization
contraception
immunization, anitbiotics, hygiene

question

Chronically undernourished

answer

In 1960 nearly 60% of the residents in developing countries
their diet didnt provide the 2,200 kcal per day, on average, considered necessary for a healthy productive life.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) experts agricultural production to continue to grow over the next few decades.

question

Poverty is the greatest threat to______, or the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis.

answer

Food security

question

______ are characterized by large scale food shortages, massive starvation social disruptions, and economic chaos.

answer

Famines

question

In addition to energy, we also need specific nutrients in our diets such as

answer

proteins, vitamins, and certain trace minerals.

question

You might have more than enough calories and still suffer from___________, a nutritional imbalance caused by a lack of specific dietary components or an inability to absorb or utilize essential nutrients.

answer

malnourishment

question

The FAO estimates that nearly __billion ppl(half the world) suffer from vitamin, mineral, or protein deficiencies.

answer

3

question

Low hemoglobin levels in the blood, usually caused by dietary iron deficiency. It is the most common nutritional problem in the world.

answer

Anemia

question

The most widespread human protein deficiency diseases are______and______

answer

Kwashiorkor; Marasmus

question

A west african word meaning displaced child

answer

kwashiorkor

question

from the greek "to waste away" is caused by a diet low in both calories and protein.

answer

Marasmus

question

The 3 crops on which humanity depends for the majority of its nutrients and calories are______,_____, and _____

answer

wheat, rice, maize(corn)

question

Most of the livestock grown in North America are confined in ___________

answer

concentrated animal feeding operations(CAFOs)

question

The rapid proliferation of CAFOs raises a number of social and economic concerns

answer

Houseing causes serious local air and water pollution
Storage of waste is a problem
almost never served by sewage treatment plants
Land dispostial overloads soil with nutrients and can contaminate food and ground water supplies

question

Animal waste particulary from hog farms often are

answer

stored in huge open lagoons that can leak or rupture, poisoning local surface waters
Bacterial growth, which was stimulated by the manure, deoxygenated the water, killed millions of fish and created a "dead zone" in Pamlico Sound that lasted for months

question

Much of the increase in food production over the past 50 years has been fueled by____ _____for agriculture education, research etc.

answer

public support

question

The world bank estimates that rich coutries paytheir wn farmers $___billion per yr, or nearly six times as much as all developmental aid to poor countries

answer

350

question

According to the Environmental Working Group, 72% of all aid goes to top __% of recipients

answer

10

question

Just 22 of the nations 435 congressional districts collect ____ ____ half of all agricultural payments.

answer

more than

question

There have been repeated efforts to roll back agricultural payments, but Congress has been more inclines to slash conservation fundys and food assistance for who?

answer

the poor rather than reduce rewards for their friends.

question

Subsidies also allow American farmers to sell their products overseas at as much as 20% below the actual cost of production

answer

this drives local farmers out of business and destabilizes indigenous food production.

question

_____is a marvelous substance, a living resource of astonishing beauty, complexity, and fraility. It is a complex mixture of weathered mineral materials from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules, and a host of living organisms.

answer

soil

question

There at least_____different soil series or types in the US and many thousand more worldwide.

answer

15,000

question

Much of the organic material in soil is _____, a sticky, brown insoluble residue from the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals

answer

humus

question

Most soils are stratified into horizontal layers called ____ _______ that reveal much about the history and usefulness of the soil.

answer

Soil horizons

question

The thickness, color, texture, and composition of each _______ are used to classify the soil

answer

Horizon

question

Together each horizons make up a ____ _______

answer

soil profile

question

Soil Horizons

answer

question

covered with a layer of leaf litter, crop residues or other fresh or partially decomposed organic material.

answer

O

question

Topsoil! Organic matter(humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals

answer

A

question

Zone of leaching! Dissolved or suspended materials move downward

answer

E

question

Subsoil! Accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay leached down from the A and E horizons

answer

B

question

Regolith! Partially broken down inorganic minerals

answer

C

question

The last part of the soil

answer

bedrock

question

Farm Policy Advantages and Disadvantages

answer

question

Agriculture subsidies

answer

question

US/ Western Euroupe

answer

-help local farmers
-encourage unhealthy debts
-low cost yeilds high calories(fats, sugars)
-high cost{fresh fruit and veggies}

question

Developing Nations

answer

-cripples production
-US under cuts
-destablizes indijus foods
force farmers out of business

question

USDA

answer

-Conservation Reserve Program
-prevent soil erosion(chemicals into water{run-off})
-row crop cost $7
-non-planting crops cost $1
-most agrumonist say we said more CRP land
-We really need more balance
-prevents $450 billion ton/year of erosion

question

A thin layer taken off the land surface is called ________

answer

sheet erosion

question

When little rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels in the soil, the process is called____________

answer

rill erosion

question

When rills enlarge to form bigger channels or ravines that are too large to be removed by normal tillage operations, we call the process___________

answer

gully erosion

question

Conversion of productive land to desert

answer

desertification

question

Ridgelands and pastures, which generally are too dry for cultivation are highly susceptible to ____________

answer

desertification

question

According to the UN____% of the world's grasslands are suffering from overgrazing; and soil degradation

answer

80

question

Two areas of particular concern are _____ and _____. Arid lands where rains are sporadic and infrequient and the economy is based primarily on livestock.

answer

Africa; China

question

Temperate climate
adiquate or abundant water
Soil fertility
USA CANADA EUROPE
increased growth fertilization(irrigation, pesticide)

answer

question

Excessive use not only wastes water; Soil is saturated with water and plant roots die from lack of oxygen

answer

waterlogging

question

Mineral salts accumulate in the soil, occurs particually when soils in dry climates are irrigated with saline water

answer

Salinification

question

* careful management of soil
-Since 1930 progessed not yet sustainable
-Ground cover; Leaves, crop residue---->reduce erosion, decreased evaporation, protects critters, aeration, moderate soil temperature

answer

Sustainable Agriculture

question

The main reason the world's food supplies have been able to keep pace with the growing human population over the past few decades.

answer

Green Revolution

question

The first advances under the green rev were for _____, such as wheat, corn and rice

answer

grains

question

_____involves removing genetic material from one organism and splicing it into the chromosomes of another

answer

Genetic Engineering

question

taking a bit of DNA from here, a bit from there, even synthesizing artificial DNA sequences to create desired characteristics in _______

answer

genetically modified organisms(GMOs)

question

Currently about __% of all soybeans, ___% or the cotton and ___% of all maize(corn) is grown in the US

answer

82,71,25

question

plowing across the hill rather than up and down.

answer

contour plowing

question

the planting of different kinds of crops in alternating strips along the land contours

answer

strip farming

question

shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil. The edges of the terrace are planted with soil-anchoring plant species.

answer

Terracing

question

A general term for a protective ground cover that can include manure, wood chip, straw, seaweed, leaves, and other naturak products

answer

Mulch

question

Reduced Tillage Systems

answer

question

reducing the number of times a farmer distrubs the soil by plowing, cultivating, etc. Involves a disc or chisel plow rather than a traditional moldboard plow

Leaves up to 75% of the plant debris on the surface between the rows, pre-venting erosion

answer

Minimum Till

question

farming uses a coulter, a sharp disc like a pizza cutter, which slices through the soil, opening up a furrow or slot just wide enough to insert seeds.

answer

Conserv-till

question

planting is accomplished by drilling seeds into the ground directly through mulch and ground cover.

answer

No-till

Env Chem Final Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards