English Reveiw – Flashcards

is a form of expression. Whether it is spoken or written, it is the manifestation of thoughts, feelings, and intellect. It is a way of communicating and expressing meaning

No there are free verses

fourteen line poem which follows a strict rhyme scheme. Sonnets generally express emotion and pose a question or a problem which is resolved at the end.

Italian, `a stopping place'): a group of verses separated from other such groups in a poem and often sharing a common rhyme scheme.

line in poetry

a pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length, termed "closed" when they form a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence.

: a four-line stanza, rhyming abac or abcb or some other variation

Poets often use deliberate words to create specific style, atmosphere, or tone in their poems.

literal meaning

refers to the overtones associated with a word, including emotions, memories, ideas, and imaginative responses.

Rhyme is where end sounds of words have identical sounds. Example: boat rhymes with goat

Rhythm is a musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhythm occurs in all forms of language, both written and spoken, but is particularly important in poetry.

When words, phrases, or entire lines of a poem are repeated. Usually words are repeated to help make a point or create a mood.

Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds. Examples: Busy Buzzing Bees, Witches fly west in the winter. The savory smell of seasoned steak on the grill made my mouth salivate.

is the repetition of vowel sounds but not consonant sounds. Example: fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks.

A comparison using "like" or "as".

a comparison not using like or as

is giving human traits (qualities, feelings, action, or characteristics) to non-living objects (things, colors, qualities, or ideas).

is a figure of comparison in which one of the following or its reverse is expressed: A part stands for a whole An individual stands for a class A material stands for a thing

is substituting a word for another word closely associated with it

The use of words to create mental pictures that appeal to one or more of the five senses.

: is an object, person, place or action that has a meaning of its own but also stands for something beyond itself such as a quality, concept or value.

(exaggeration) is a form of poetic exaggeration to make a point.

refers to the intentional downplaying of a situation's significance, often for ironic or humorous effect.

5 paragraph- intro, 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion

• General Topic Sentence/Hook - attention grabber • Subtopic One (main point one) • Subtopic Two (main point two) • Subtopic Three (main point three) • Thesis statement - map of the essay

• Restate Subtopic One in Topic Sentence • First Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis • Second Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis

• Restate Subtopic Two in Topic Sentence • First Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis • Second Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis

• Restate Subtopic Three in Topic Sentence • First Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis • Second Supporting Detail or Example with Analysis

• Synthesis of main topic • Synthesis of Subtopic One • Synthesis of Subtopic Two • Synthesis of Subtopic Three

• Startling Statement • Quote (from literature/other source) • Rhetorical question • Shocking statistic • Analogy

• List arguments to develop thesis of essay, using facts, examples, quotes and details. • Develop main idea of essay. • Use transition words to connect supporting paragraphs.

• Restate points and main idea in different words. Why main idea is important; a summary.

• Title: think about the title before reading to foreshadow or understand. 2-3 sentences

• Paraphrase: translate the poem into your own words. 3 sentences

• Connotation: contemplate the poem for the meaning beyond the literal (ex: devices used). 3-4 sentences

• Attitude: observe both the speaker's and the poet's attitude (tone, feeling towards subject). 2-3 sentences

• Shift: note the shifts in the speakers (who's talking) and in attitudes (rhyme, # of stanzas, etc). 2-3 sentences

• Title: examine the title again, this time on an interpretative level. 2-3 sentences

• Theme: determine what the poet is saying and what his message is. 5-6 Sentences

- Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, is fiercely in love with Olivia, a rich countess of Illyria. However, he is informed that she is mourning the death of her brother and refuses to hear the Duke's vows of Love. - There has been a shipwreck off the coast of Illyria. Viola, a young woman in her late tens, has been saved, but there is no news about Sebastian, her twin brother. As a stranger in Illyria, Viol decides to disguise herself as a young man and seeks employment in the Duke's court. - Sir Toby Belch, a relative of Olivia, has moved into her house. His rowdy behavior is disturbing the entire household. Maria, Olivia's lady-in-waiting, warns Sir Toby that he actions will get him into trouble, but he seems determined to take advantage of Olivia's hospitality. His friend Sir Andrew Aguecheek, who has decided not to pursue his courtship of Olivia any further, joins Toby. Toby encourages Sir Andrew not to give up so easily, and the two drink into the night. - Viola, disguised as a young male servant by the name of Cesario, is working for Orsino, who has quickly developed a deep affection for "Cesario" and has described to him his feelings for Olivia. Orsino sends Cesario to Olivia with his message of love. Meanwhile, Viola (Cesario) herself falls in love with Orsino - Maria is scolding Feste because he was absent from the house. Olivia enters with her steward, Malvolio. Feste tries to amuse Olivia because of the loss of her brother. Olivia defends the fool (Feste) and criticized Malvolio's sour personality when Malvolio shows his contempt for Feste's humor. The drunken Sir Toby prevents Cesario from entering the house. Malvolio removes Viola/Cesario from the property, but Olivia decides to see Cesario. Olivia isn't convinced in her message. But Olivia is now attracted to Cesario/Viola, and Olivia wants Cesario/Viola to come again, so she gives Malvolio a ring to give to Cesario so he/she returns.

- Sebastian has survived the shipwreck, which he believes has taken his sister's (Viola/Cesario) life. Along with Antonio, another kind and generous sea captain, he has landed safely on the sea coast of Illyria. He tells Antonio about himself and his sadness over his sister's death. Antonio decides to accompany Sebastian to the court of Count Orsino, in spite of great danger to his own life. - As instructed by Olivia, Malvolio catches up to Cesario/Viola in the street in order to "return" Olivia's ring to Cesario/Viola. Cesario/Viola resists taking the ring and is puzzled by Olivia's description; she then realizes that Olivia has fallen in love with her. - Sir Toby and Sir Andrew continue to spend their nights in drunken revelry. Feste joins them and sings a song about the pleasures of young love. Maria comes to warn them that Olivia is increasingly displeased with their behavior, but they ignore her good advice. Finally Malvolio appears in his capacity as steward/manager of Olivia's household and gives them a formal warning. He also threatens to report Maria to Olivia, for her assumed participation. Maria reveals a plan to make a tool of Malvolio by playing upon his arrogance and ambition. She is also aware of Malvolio's attraction for Olivia. She will compose a love letter in the handwriting of Olivia and arrange for Malvolio to find it. Malvolio's discovery of Olivia's love, Maria promises, will provide the perfect opportunity for revenge. - Orsino continues to suffer the torments of unrequited love. Feste sings to him a tragic ballad about the loyalty of a faithful but rejected lover. Meanwhile, Orsino lectures Cesario/Viola about the nature of love, claiming that love affects men and woman in very different ways. Viola comes close to confessing her love for Orsino, but her disguise as Cesario protects her from the discovery. At the end of the scene, Cesario/Viola is sent to resume the courtship of Olivia on Orsino's behalf. - Sir Toby, with Sir Andrew and Fabian (another of his cronies and a member of Olivia's household), hide behind a bush in Olivia's garden to watch Maria's Plot against Malvolio unfold. Malvolio enters, daydreaming about his future with Olivia, to whom he is attracted. The discovery of a love letter, apparently from Olivia, seems like a dream come true. As he decides to obey every instruction "to the letter", the listeners congratulate Maria on her excellent trap.

- Viola returns to Olivia's house, ready to resume her courtship of Olivia on Orsino's behalf. In the garden, she meets Feste and engages in a brief battle of wits with him, when Feste leaves to summon Olivia, Viola has a short conversation with Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. Olivia enters and immediately dismisses the others so that she and Cesario can be alone. Once again rejecting Orsino's offers of love, she openly reveals her affection for Cesario. Viola expresses only pity for Olivia's feelings and swears that she will never love a woman. - Sir Andrew has seen Cesario and Olivia together in the garden and has decided, once again, to abandon his courtship of Olivia. Sir Toby and Fabian convince Andrew that Olivia was friendly with Cesario only to make Andrew jealous. They encourage him to challenge Cesario to a duel, arguing that courage is the best way to win a woman's heart. Maria enters to reveal that Malvolio has fallen completely into their trap and is wandering around the house in yellow, cross-gartered stockings with a huge smile on his face. Together, they run off to see the fun. - Sebastian and Antonio arrive in the city where Orsino holds his court. Because he is wanted in Illyria, Antonio is afraid of being seen and rejects Sebastian's suggestion that they tour the historical sights and monuments of the city. He doesn't want to spoil Sebastian's fun and gives him money in case Sebastian should want to buy a souvenir. Meanwhile, Antonio intends to go directly to the Elephant Inn to make arrangements for their food and lodging. - Olivia is waiting for Cesario in her garden when Maria tells her about Malvolio's strange dress and behavior. He then appears in yellow, cross=gartered stockings with a broad grin on his face. His convo with Olivia strikes her as most bizarre, and she becomes quite worried about his mental health. Olivia places Malvolio in the care and keeping of Sir Toby, who immediately furthers the scheme of revenge against Malvolio by locking him in a dark room. Sir Andrew enters with the challenge he has written to Cesario. Toby sends him to wait in a corner of the garden, deciding to issue the challenge to Cesario by word of mouth. The challenge terrifies Viola, and only with difficulty do Toby and Fabian bring her and Andrew together to duel. Just as it is about to begin, Antonio enters. Mistaking Cesario/Viola for Sebastian, he quickly offers to fight on Sebastian's behalf. When Toby draws his sword to fight the meddling Antonio, the Duke's officers enter and arrest Antonio. Still thinking Cesario/Viola is Sebastian, Antonio asks for the return of his purse. When Viola replies that she has no purse, Antonio is completely bewildered. He cannot understand why the young gentleman to whom he has been so kind would abandon him in his hour of need,

- Feste has been sent by Olivia to find Cesario, but he meets Sebastian first. He thinks Sebastian is Cesario because they look the same. This is only the first of many such mistakes in this scene. Sebastian doesn't know what Feste is talking about and refuses to meet with Olivia. At this moment, Sir Andrew enters and strikes Sebastian a blow to the head. When Sir Toby intervenes to prevent Andrew from being seriously hurt, Sebastian, who Andrew supposes to be the cowardly Cesario, strikes him back. Sir Toby draws his sword on Sebastian just as Olivia appears. She, too, thinks Sebastian is Cesario. She dismisses Sir Toby for his uncivilized behavior, and invites Sebastian back to her house. Sebastian is completely confused, but he accepts the offer of the beautiful countess. - Malvolio has been locked in a dark room because he is supposedly insane. Feste disguises himself as a priest (Sir Topas) and visits Malvolio. He pretends to be concerned about Malvolio, but he uses the opportunity to mistreat him further. One of the bystanders is Sir Toby, who is amused by Feste's antics as Sir Topas, but begins to feel that the practical joke may get them into trouble. Feste talks with Malvolio again, this time as himself, and agrees to deliver a letter from Malvolio to Olivia. Malvolio is sure that this letter will prove that he is not mad. - Sebastian is waiting in Olivia's garden for her and is confused. He doesn't know where Antonio has gone, and he can't figure out why Olivia admires him so much. Olivia finds him and insists that she and Sebastian go with her priest to make a formal engagement until preparations for their marriage can be arranged. Sebastian thinks that he, himself, or Olivia must be mad, but he agrees to Olivia's proposal.

- When Viola and Sebastian finally meet, the many cases of mistaken identity are resolved at last. Malvolio is released and is given an opportunity to speak. The play ends with a promise of marriage (Orsino and Viola) and a song from Feste.

- The letters "M.O.A.I." lead Malvolio to believe that the letter was addressed to him - An allusion is a reference to a popular fictional event/character - Sir Toby has an allusion to Penthesilea, which means that he compared Maria to Penthesilea, who is a strong, strategic Amazonian queen - A soliloquy is when an actor speaks what they are thinking - Major themes are: appearance versus reality (Viola and Cesario) and unrequited love (Olivia and Orsino) - Act 2 scene 1 is similar to Act 1 scene 2 - Opinions on Sir Andrew: • Sir Toby: he can protect Olivia, he speaks many languages • Maria: thinks he is a foolish knight, and doesn't have a chance with Olivia • Sir Andrew's Actual Character: like what Maria said, a big Fool!

There are 5 types of love in the play: • Unrequited/unreturned love (Orsino/Olivia, Olivia/brother, Olivia/Cesario, etc) • Friendship love (Antonio/Sebastian, Sir Andrew/Sir Toby, etc) • Family love (Viola/Sebastian, Olivia/brother, etc) • Self love (Malvolio) • Romantic love (Orsino/Viola, Sebastian/Olivia, Sir Toby/Maria)

• Viola appears to be a eunuch man, but she is really a girl dressed as a guy. • Sir Andrew has a noble title, so you would expect him to be a great person, but he is a foolish drunk who tries to get girls out of his league. • In Act 3 scene 4, Sir Andrew is portrayed as a noble, skilled knight, who, when fighting civilians, becomes a real monster. It is said he has killed 3 people and his motto is fight to the death, when really he isn't any of these things and actually doesn't want to fight (told to Viola).

• Audience knows Cesario is a girl, but nobody else besides Viola and the sea captain know that. • Audience also knows Viola loves Orsino, but only Viola knows that. • (irony) In Malvolio's description of Cesario in Act 1, Scene 5, he keeps using the word man in his description, when the audience knows Cesario's a girl. • When Viola tells Orsino about her sister's love, the audience knows that she is explaining her love for Orsino, but Orsino doesn't know this.

• Antonio thinks Sebastien has wronged him, but really it was a clueless Viola (Act 3, s 4). • Olivia falls in love with Cesario, but she doesn't realize Cesario is a girl (Act 1, s 5). • Viola loves Orsino, but her disguise prevents her from telling her feelings (Act 1, s 4). • Sir Andrew thinks Cesario is a guy and trying to woo Olivia (Act 3, s 4).

• Malvolio acts foolishly b/c he is in love with Olivia. • Sir Andrew acts foolishly b/c he is in love with Olivia. • Orsino acts foolishly b/c he is in love with Olivia. • Olivia acts foolishly b/c she is in love with Cesario. • Viola acts foolishly b/c she is in love with Orsino. • Sir Toby acts foolishly b/c he is in love with Maria.

Intro Sentence: Hook: One of the most difficult parts of love is the possibility that the love is not returned. Point 1: Olivia and Cesario. Olivia falls in love with Cesario but doesn't know that Cesario is really a woman. Point 2: Malvolio and Olivia Point 3: Viola and Orsino Thesis: In Shakesphere's Twelfth Night, the theme of unrequited love is shown in Olivia and Cesario, Sir Andrew and Olivia, as well as Viola and Orsino. Paragraph 1: (1)Topic Sentence: (2)First Event/Example: (3-4)Analysis to prove point: (5)Second Event/Example: (6-7)Analysis to prove point: (8)Concluding Sentence: Paragraph 2: (1)Topic Sentence: (2)First Event/Example: (3-4)Analysis to prove point: (5)Second Event/Example: (6-7)Analysis to prove point: (8)Concluding Sentence: Paragraph 3: (1)Topic Sentence: (2)First Event/Example: (3-4)Analysis to prove point: (5)Second Event/Example: (6-7)Analysis to prove point: (8)Concluding Sentence: Conclusion: Restate Thesis: (change the order of words, use synonyms, cut words out). Olivia, Cesario/Viola, Orsino, and Sir Andrew are all characters that are victims of unrequited love in the play. Restate Point 1: Olivia and Cesario. Restate Point 2: Malvolio and Olivia Restate Point 3: Viola and Orsino Thought Provoking Ending: unrequited love is a challenge that reminds the reader of how much people are willing to put on the line for love.

• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.