Energy & Environment – Flashcards
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| World Energy use (2009) |
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| 500 quadrillion |
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| Predicted world energy use (2030) |
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| 678 quadrillion btu |
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| Refrigerant naming |
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| number is: C-1, H+1, F. Openings are filled with Cl. Alternatively, add 90 to number and the resulting # is C-H-F. |
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| Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) |
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| CH3-N=C=O |
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| trans1234ze |
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| [image] |
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| Henry's Law |
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| yi*P = xi*Hi,w use near infinite dilution |
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| Raoult's Law |
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| yi*P = xi*Pi,sat |
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| Energy costs per kWhr |
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| nuclear < coal < natural gas = wind < solar |
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| How much of US energy comes from: Petroleum? |
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| 39% |
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| How much of US energy comes from: Natural gas? |
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| 23% |
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| How much of US energy comes from: Coal? |
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| 22% |
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| How much of US energy comes from: Nuclear |
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| 8% |
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| How much of US energy comes from: Renewable? |
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| 8% |
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| Halon-1211 |
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| CBrClF2 |
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| Montreal Protocol |
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| Banned CFC's. Restrict & eventually ban other molecules with high ODP (HCFC's). |
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| 1234yf |
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| [image] |
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| Toxicology |
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| no harmless substances, only harmless ways of using substances |
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| Entry Routes for toxicants |
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| Ingestion, inhalation, injection, dermal absorption |
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| Exit routes for toxicants |
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| excretion, detoxification, storage |
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| TLV |
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| Threshold limit value: concentrations at which no adverse affects are expected during a worker's lifetime (max. allowable concentration) |
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| TLV-TWA |
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| TLV- Time Weighted Average: allowable exposure if workers is exposed 8hrs/day |
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| TLV-STEL |
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| TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit: max. concentration to which workers can be exposed to for 15 minutes continuously. |
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| TLV-C |
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| TLV-Ceiling: Should never be exceeded |
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| PEL |
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| Permissible Exposure Level: OSHA's threshold dose |
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| IDLH |
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| Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health |
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| NOAEL |
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| No Observed Adverse Effect Level |
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| individual risk = |
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| exposure*slopefactor/(weight of person) |
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| # of cases = |
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| individual risk*exposed population |
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| PCB |
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| http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg |
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| OSHA |
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| Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Hazard education, inspections |
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| ACGIH |
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| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists |
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| Chemicals on the CAA |
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| CO, Pb, NO2, O3, PM10, PM25, SO2 |
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| PM10 or PM25 |
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| Particulate Matter |
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| NPDES |
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| National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: CWA permit program |
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| POTW |
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| Publicly Owned Treatment Works: CWA construction program |
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| Hazardous waste is:... |
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| ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic |
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| NPL |
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| National Priority List Used for the Superfund (CERCLA) |
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| PRP |
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| Potentially Responsible Party: This relates to the Superfund (CERCLA) |
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| bioaccumulation potential |
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| log(Kow) |
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| high bioaccumulation potential |
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| log(Kow)>=8 |
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| Low bioaccumulation potential |
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| log(Kow)<=3.5 |
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| TSCA |
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| Toxic Substances Control Act: Toxic inventory |
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| PMN |
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| Pre-manufacturing Notice: required for TSCA |
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| FIFRA |
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| FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT: Key purpose is to asses risk and control usage of pesticides |
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| NAAQS |
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| National Ambient Air Quality Standards: CAA standards |
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| SIP |
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| state implementation plan: plan to implement CAA |
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| NSPS |
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| New Source Performance Standards: More restrictions placed on new sources per CAA |
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| HAP |
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| Hazardous Air Pollutant: CAA |
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| MACT |
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| Max. Achievable Degree of Control (technology): CAA requires the best technology to be used to cut emissions |
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| BACT |
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| Best Available Control Technology: CWA pretreatment standards require this for discharge |
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| RCRA |
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| Resource Conservation & Recovery Act: "cradle to grave" |
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| TSDF |
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| treatment, storage and disposal facilities: RCRA - last resort |
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| CERCLA |
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| COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT: Love canal - superfund |
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| SARA |
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| Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act: CERLCA got more money |
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| EPCRA |
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| The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act: develop plan to clean accident & inform public |
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| TRI |
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| Toxic Release Inventory: EPCRA requires emitters to report to EPA |
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| PPA |
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| Pollution Prevention Act: Source Reduction, recycle, treat, disposal, release |
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| EISA |
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| Energy Independence and Security Act: energy efficiency & alternative energy research funding |
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| Vadose Zone |
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| unsaturated zone |
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| aquifer |
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| has ground water flow |
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| LNAPL |
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| Light non-aqueous phase liquid: less dense than water |
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| DNAPL |
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| Dense non-aqueous phase liquid: more dense than water |
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| Sorption |
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| remediation technique - using granular activated carbon to absorb |
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| SVE |
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| Soil Vapor extraction: for remediation |
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| AS |
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| air sparging: pump air into ground water so chemical bubbles up |
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| bioventing |
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| pumping air into the ground |
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| Most abundant U |
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| U-238 |
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| U used for nuclear energy |
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| U-235 |
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| % of U-235 needed for commercial nuclear fuel |
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| 3-5% |
