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arterial air embolism

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air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels

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blunt trauma

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An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavaties

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cavitation

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A phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullets path

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coup-contrecoup brain injury

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A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of original impact

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Deceleration

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the slowing of an object

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Drag

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resistance that slows a projectile, such as air.

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Glasgow Come Scale (GCS) score

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An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point values (scores) for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes.

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Index of Suspicion

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Awareness that unseen life-threatening injuries may exist when determining the mechanism of injury

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kinetic energy

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the energy of a moving object

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Mechanism of Injury (MOI)

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the forces, or energy transmission, applied to the body that cause injury

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medical emergencies

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emergencies that require EMS attention because of illnesses or conditions not caused by an outside force.

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multisystem trauma

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trauma that affects more than one body system

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penetrating trauma

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injury caused by objects, such as knives and bullets, that pierce the surface of the body and damage internal tissues and organs.

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potential energy

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the product of mass, gravity, and height, which is converted into kinetic energy and results in injury, such as from a fall.

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projectile

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Any object propelled by force, such as a bullet by a weapon

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Pulmonary blast injury

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pulmonary trauma resulting from short-range exposure to the detonation of explosives

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Revised Trauma Score (RTS)

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A scoring system used for patients with head trauma

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Trajectory

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The path a projectile takes once it is propelled

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Trauma Emergencies

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Emergencies that are the result of physical forces applied to a patients body

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Trauma score

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A score calculated from 1 to 16, with 16 being the best possible score. It relates to the likelihood of patient survival with the exception of a severe head injury. It takes into account the Glasgow Coma Scale score, respiratory rate, respiratory expansion, systolic blood pressure, and capillary refill.

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Tympanic membrane

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the eardrum, a thing, semi-transparent membrane in the middle of the ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of auditory ossicles

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Work

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the measure of force over distance

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4

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According to ACS-COT (American College of Surgeon's Committee on Trauma, how many levels of trauma centers are there?

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Level 1 trauma center

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Comprehensive regional resource that is a tertiary care facility; capable of providing total care for every aspect of injury - from prevention through rehabilitation

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Level 2 trauma center

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Able to initiate definitive care for all injured patients

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Level 3 trauma center

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Able to provide prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations

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Level 4 trauma center

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Able to provide advanced trauma life support (ATLS) before transfer of patients to a higher level trauma center

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Examples of significant mechanisms of injury

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Death of an occupant in the vehicle; Severe deformity of the vehicle or intrusion into the vehicle Severe deformities of the frontal part of the vehicle; with or without intrusion into the passenger compartment Moderate intrusions from a lateral (T-Bone) type of accident Severe damage from the rear Crashes in which rotation is involved (rollover or spin) Ejection from the vehicle (child = medium-to-high-speed vehicle crash >25mph)

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Lateral crashes cause approximately (%)

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25% of all severe injuries to the aorta and approximately 30% of all fatalities that occur in motor vehicle

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Different types of motorcycle crashes

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Head-on Crash Angular Crash Ejection Controlled Crash

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Distance falling to be considered significant

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20 feet (Adult) 10 feed (child) or 2 -3 times the height of the child

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Blast injuries

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Primary blast injury - damage to the body is caused by the pressure wave generated by the explosion Secondary blast injury - Damaging by being stuck by flying debris Tertiarty blast injury - occurs when patient is hurled by the force of the explosion against stationary object (ground shock-when body hits the ground) Quaternary blast injury - category of miscellaneous injuries (burns, respiratory injury, suffocation, poisoning etc)

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Pulmonary edema

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Buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure

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Congestive Heart Failure

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A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs

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Pneumothorax

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A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

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Pleural space

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The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

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Pleura

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The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

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Pneumonitis

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Inflammation of the lung

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Major components of patient trauma

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Scene size-up Primary assessment History taking Secondary assessment Reassessment

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DCAP-BTLS

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Deformities Contusions Abrasions Punctures / penetrations Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling

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SAMPLE history

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Signs / symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent past history last Oral intake Events leading to illness or injury

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The chest contains:

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Heart, lungs, large blood vessels of the body

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Solid organs:

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liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

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Hallow organs

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Stomach, large and small intestines, and urinary bladder

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According to 2006 white paper, consideration for using air transport are:

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-there is an extended period required to access or extricate a remote or trapped patient, which depletes the time window to the patient to the trauma center by ground -distance to the trauma center is greater than 20-25miles -The patient needs medical care and stabilization at the ALS level, and none are available in reasonable time -Traffic conditions or hospital availability -EMS systems require bringing the patient to the nearest hospital for initial evaluation and stabilization, rather than bypassing those facilities & going directly to trauma center -There is a mass-casualty incident

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Three concepts of energy:

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Potential energy, kinetic energy, and work

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Traumatic injuries can be described as ____ & ___ trauma

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blunt trauma & penetrating trauma

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In every crash there are ____ (#) collisions that occur:

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3: The collision of the vehicle against some type of object; Collision of the passenger against the interior of the vehicle; and the collision of the passenger's internal organs against the solid structures of the body

EMT- Trauma

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